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Arvey, Verna. Studies of Contemporary Composers: William Grant Still. New York: J. Fischer, 1939.

Assante, Molefi Kete. The Afrocentric Idea. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.

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———. Bibliography of Black Music. Vol. 2: Afro-American Idioms. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981.
———. Bibliography of Black Music. Vol. 3: Geographical Studies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982.

———. Black Music in Our Culture. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1970.

———. Reflections on Afro-American Music. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1973.

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Krehbiel, Henry Edward. Afro-American Folksongs. New York: Schirmer, 1914. Republished, New York: Ungar, 1962.

Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. London: Oxford University Press, 1977.

Levy, Eugene. James Weldon Johnson: Black Leader, Black Voice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.Locke, Alain LeRoy. The Negro and His Music. Washington, D.C.: Associates in Negro Folk Education, 1973.

———. Negro Art: Past and Present. New York: Arno and the New York Times, 1969 (rpt).

Lovell, John. Black Song: The Forge and the Flame. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

McBrier, Vivian Flagg. R. Nathaniel Dett: His Life and Works. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1977.

Marsh, J.B.T. The Story of the Jubilee Singers; With Their Songs. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881. Reprint ed. New York: Negro University Press, 1969.

Meadows, Eddie S. Theses and Dissertations on Black American Music. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Theodore Front, 1980.

Odum, Howard W. and Guy B. Johnson. The Negro and His Songs. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925.

Peters, Erskine. Lyrics of the Afro-American Spiritual: A Documentary Collection. [The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Black Music]. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1993.Roach, Hildred. Black American Music: Past and Present. 2nd ed. Florida: Krieger Publishing Co., 1992.

Rosenthal, Robert E., ed. Who's Who in Black Music. New Orleans, La.: Edwards Printing Co., 1985. A comprehensive listing of individuals, organizations, associations and companies pertinent to the Black music industry.

Rublowsky, John. Black Music in America. New York: Basic Books, 1971.

Simpson, Ann Key. Follow Me. The Life and Music of R. Nathaniel Dett. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1993.

Skowronski, Jo Ann. Black Music in America: A Bibliography. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981.

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———. The Music of Black Americans: A History. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1983.

———. Readings in Black American Music. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.Spencer, Jon Michael. As the Black School Sings.: Black Music Collections at Black Universities and Colleges With a Union List of Book Holdings. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. [Included in this book are descriptions of archival collections at 10 Black universities and colleges: Atlanta, Fisk, Hampton, Howard, Jackson State, Lincoln, North Carolina, Southern University, Tuskegee Institute and Virginia State University.]

Spradling, Mary Mace, ed. In Black and White: Afro-American in Print: A Guide to Magazine Artifices and Books Concerning More Than 15,000 Black Individuals and Groups. 3rd ed. Detroit, Mich: Gale Research Co., 1980. 2 vols.

Standifer, James A. and Barbara Reeder. Source Book of African and Afro-American Materials for Music Materials for Music Educators. Washington: Contemporary Music Project, 1972.Thurman, Howard. Deep River and the Negro Speaks of Life and Death. Richmond, Ind.: Friends United Press, 1975.

Tischler, Alice. Fifteen Black American Composers: A Bibliography of Their Works. Detroit Studies in Music Bibliography, no. 45. Detroit Information Coordinators, 1981.

Trotter, James M. Music and Some Highly Musical People. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1881. Reprint. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968.

U.S. Library of Congress. Black Music Index. Walter Rose Whittlesey, compiler. Three Parts: Part I: Composers; Part II: Calvin, Jubilee, Plantation and Slave Hymns, Shouts and Songs; Part III: Miscellaneous: Operas, Directors, Biblio: Books on Afro-American Music and Articles Relating To Same.

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———. Concert Music and Spirituals: A Selective Discography. Nashville, Tennessee: Fisk University Institute for Research in Black American Music, 1981.

———. A Discography of Concert Music by Black Composers. Minneapolis: Afro-American Opportunities Association Press, 1972.

———. ''The Teacher's Guide to Recordings of Music by Black Composers." College Music Symposium, Vol. 8 (Fall 1973): 114-119.

Floyd, Samuel A., Jr. and Marsha J. Reisser. Compilers. Black Music in the United States. Millwood, NY: Krauss International Publications, 1983.

A. "Records and Record Collections," Chapter XVI.

B. "Repositories and Archives," Chapter XVII.

Gray, Michael H., and Gerald D. Gibson. Bibliography of Discographies. New York: R.R. Bowker Co., 1977.

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Abdul, Raoul. ''In Memoriam: Howard Swanson (1907-1978)," The Black Perspective in Music,Vol. 7, N2, Fall, 1979.

In a concert (June 12, 1977) at Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, honoring Howard Swanson, and featuring, among other artists, The Triad Chorale, five choral works by Black composers were performed: Music When Soft Voices Die (poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley), by John Childs, Follow Light (1977), by Carman Moore, In Celebration (1977), by Dorothy Rudd Moore, Toussaint L'Ouverture-1803 (1977), by Hale Smith, and We Delighted, My Friend (1977), by Swanson.

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———. "A Historical Study of Black Music and Selected Twentieth-Century Black Composers and Their Role in American Society (book review)," Choral Journal, Vol. 16, N3, 1975, 24.

Burlin, Natalie Curtis. "The Negro's Contribution to the Music of America," The Craftsman, 1925.

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Cloud, Lee V. "Choral Works by African American Composers." Choral Journal, Vol. 33, N2, 1993, 44-48.

"Commentary, 'New Black Opera Companies,'" Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 3, Spring 1975, 121, 122. A short but useful reference source for anyone interested in the history of Black choral organizations in the U.S.

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———. "Black Composers in Europe: A Work List," Black Music Research Journal, Vol. 10, N2, 1990, 275-334.

———. "Black Concert and Recital Music," Black Music Research Journal, Vol. 10, N1, 1990, 91-93. An interesting and thought-provoking essay on the question: "Does Black Music Really Exist?"

———. ''Black Music; What Is It? Where Is It?" High Fidelity/Musical America, Vol. 19, November 1969, 16-17.

———. Black Music and Musicians in The New Grove Dictionary of American and The New Harvard Dictionary of Music. Chicago, Ill.: Center for Black Music Research, Columbia College Chicago, 1989.

———. "Dett and Engel," Black Perspective In Music, Vol. 1, 1973, 70-72.

———. "Foundations for the Study of Black Music," Musart, Vol. 23, N6, 1971, 4-5.

———. "Humanistic Perspectives from Black Music," Music and Man, Vol. 1, N3, 1974, 225-237.

———. "A Selected List of Choral Music by Black Composers," Choral Journal, Vol. 12, N8, 1972, 5-6.

———. "The Teacher's Guide to Recent Recordings by Black Composers," College Music Symposium, Vol. 13, 1973, 114-119.

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"E. Azalia Hackley Memorial Collection of Negro Music, Drama and Dance, The Detroit Public Library, American Organist, Vol. 20, April 1986, 166.

"Fisk Jubilee Singers," Sepia, Vol. 3, July 1964, 24-27.

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Hayes, Roland. "Music of Aframerica: My Songs," Music Journal, February 1963, 20, 82-83.

Herrema, Robert D. "Choral Music by Black Composers," Choral Journal, Vol. 10, N4, January 1970, 15-17.

———. "Choral Music by Black Composers for High School Chorus," School Music News, Vol. 35, N2, October 1971, 30-31.

Hunt, Joseph. "Conversations with Thomas J. Anderson," The Black Perspective in Music, Fall 1973, 157-165.

Jackson, Barbara Garvey. "Florence Price, Composer," The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1977, 31-43.

James, Willis Laurence. "The Romance of the Negro Folk Cry in America," Phylon, Vol. XVI, No. 1.

"Jester Hairston and His Chorus," Choral and Organ Guide, Vol. 18, September 1965, 24.

Ketcham, George F. "Hampton Choir and Quartette," Southern Workman, Vol. 60, N2, February 1931, 51-59.

Kinchen, James Benjamin, Jr. "Black Gospel Music and Its Impact On Traditional Choral Singing," Choral Journal, Vol. 27, N1, 1986, 11-19.

Kinney, Sylvia. ''The E. Azalia Hackley Collection," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 5, N3, 1961, 202-203.

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MacAuslan, Jana and Kristan Aspen. "Noteworthy Women: Three Black Women Composers-Price, Bonds, and Perry," Hot Wire, Vol. 5, N3, 1989, 12-13, 41.

Malitz, Nancy. "The Black Classical Musicians: Moving Into The Mainstream," Ovation, February 1989, Vol. 10, 12-17.

Marcum, Lisa K. "Music People: 'Hall Johnson Hallmarks'." Ovation, February 1989, 8.

Margetson, Edward. "Folk Music," The Southern Workman, 1927, 487-492.

Maschal, Richard. "Black Composers and Their Music," Charlotte Observer, April 30, 1978, IF,12F.

Maultsby, Portia K. "Black Spirituals: An Analysis of Textual Forms and Structures," The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1976, 54-69.

———. "Selective Bibliography: U.S. Black Music," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 19, N3, September 1975, 421-449.

McGinty, Doris E. "The Afro-American Composer of Concert Music: A Survey." Program Notes. May 24, 25, 1985. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, 5-11.

———. "Conversations with Camille Nickerson: The Louisiana Lady," The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1979, 81-94.

Murray, Charlotte W. "The Story of Harry T. Burleigh," The Papers of the Hymn Society, No. 4, October 1966.

Ryder, Georgia A. "Another Look at Some American Cantatas," "A Birthday Offering to William Grant Still," The Black Perspective In Music, Vol. 3, Special Issue, N2, May 1975, 135-40.

Simpson, Eugene Thamon. "The Hall Johnson Legacy," The Choral Journal, January 1971.

Southall, Geneva. "Black Composers and Religious Music," The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1974, 45-50.

Southern, Eileen. "America's Black Composers of Classical Music," Music Educators Journal (November 1975): 46-53.

———. "Conversations with Olly Wilson: The Education of a Composer," Part I, The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1977, 90-103.

———. "Conversations with Olly Wilson: The Education of a Composer," Part II, The Black Perspective in Music, Spring 1978, 57-70.

———. "In Retrospect: Black-Music Concerts in Carnegie Hall, 1912-1915," The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 6, N1, Spring 1978, 71-88.

———."Milestones of Black-American Compositions," Black Music Research Journal, Vol. 10, N1, 1990, 123-124.

Thomas, André J. ''A Brief Analysis of Masses by Black Composers: Baker, Bond, Ray and Walker," Choral Journal, Vol. 27, N5, 1986, 7-11.

"The Tougaloo College Choir, 1887," The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 14, N2, 1986, 202-203.

Whalum, Wendell P. "Black Hymnody," Review and Expositer, Summer 1973.

———. "James Weldon Johnson's Theories of Performance Practices of Afro-American Folksongs," Phylon (Special J. W. Johnson Centennial Issue), December 1971.

———. "The Spiritual As Mature Choral Composition," Black World, July 1974.

Wilson, Olly. "The Black American Composer." The Black Perspective in Music (Spring 1973): 33-36.

Work, John W. III. "Changing Patterns in Negro Folk Songs," Journal of American Folklore, April-June 1949 (reprint of a paper delivered at the nineteenth annual Fisk Festival of Music and Arts, Nashville Tenn., April 29-May 1, 1948).

———. "The Negro Spiritual," The Papers of the Hymn Society, September 1961.

Allison, Roland Lewis. ''Classification of the Vocal Works of Harry T. Burleigh (1866-1949) and Some Suggestions for Their Use in Teaching Diction in Singing." Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1966.

Black, Donald Fisher. "The Life and Work of Eva Jessye and Her Contributions to American Music (Black, Woman Choral Director, Collection)", Ph.D., The University of Michigan, 1986.

Blanding, Mary Catherine. "A Catalogue of the Eva Jessye Afro-American Music Collection as of May 1, 1974." Master's thesis, University of Michigan, 1974.

Brooks, Tilford. "A Historical Study of Black Music and Selected 20th Century Black Composers." Ed.D. dissertation, Washington University, 1972.

Cox, Donna Marie McNeil. "A Descriptive Analysis of Selected Choral Works of Lena Johnson McLin." Ph.D., Washington University, 1986.

Evans, Arthur L. "The Development of the Negro Spiritual as Choral Art Music by Afro-American Composers with an Annotated Guide to the Performance of Selected Spirituals." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Miami, 1972.

Garcia, William B. "The Life and Choral Music of John Work (1901-1967)." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 1973.

Gardner, Effie Tyler. "An Analysis of the Technique and Style of Selected Black-American Composers of Contemporary Choral Music." Ph.D., Michigan State University, 1979.

George, Zelma Watson. "A Guide to Negro Music: An Annotated Bibliography of Negro Folk Music and Art Music by Negro Composers or Based on Negro Thematic Material." Ed.D. (Music), University of Iowa, 1972.

Harris, Carl G. "A Study of Characteristic Trends Found in the Choral Works of a Selected Group of Afro-American Composers and Arrangers." D.M.A., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1972.

Hooper, William John, III. "An Analytical Annotation of Twentieth Century Choral Works Selected from ACDA National Convention Programs." Arizona State University, degree: D.M.A., 1988.

James, Shaylor Lorenza. "Contributions of Four Selected Twentieth-Century Afro-American Classical Composers: William Grant Still, Howard Swanson, Ulysses Kay, and Olly Wilson." Ph.D., The Florida State University, 1988.

Johnson, David Lee. "The Contributions of William L. Dawson to the School of Music at Tuskegee Institute and to Choral Music (Alabama)." Ed.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987.

Johnson, Marjorie S. "Noah Francis Ryder (1914-1964): A Study of His Life, Works, and Contribution to Music Education." Master's thesis, Catholic University of America, 1968.

Jones, John Robert Douglass. "The Choral Works of Undine Smith Moore: A Study of Her Life and Work." Ed.D., New York University, 1980.

Jones, Velma. "The Life and Works of Mark Oakland Fax." M.A., Morgan State University, 1978.

Jones, William Darryl. "An Index of Choral Music Performed During National Conventions of the American Choral Directors Association (1960-1987)." The Florida State University. Degree, Ph.D., 1988.

Malone, Mark Hugh. ''William Levi Dawson: American Music Educator." Ph.D., The Florida State University, 1981.

Manzo, Maria Paulette. "A Compositional and Interpretive Analysis of the Arranged Negro Spiritual, as Represented by the Choral Music of Jester Hairston." D.A. dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 1990.

Moore, James E., Jr. "The Choral Music of Undine Smith Moore." D.M.A., University of Cincinnati, 1979.

Ryder, Georgia A. "Melodic and Rhythmic Elements of American Negro Folk Songs as Employed in Cantatas by Selected American Composers Between 1932 and 1967." Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1970.

Thomas, André Jerome. "A Study of Selected Masses of Twentieth Century Black Composers: Margaret Bonds, Robert Ray, George Walker and David Baker." D.M.A., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1983.

Thompson, Jacqueline Kay. "Selected Postsecondary Institutions' Presentation of Music Composed by Black Composers." D.M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 1984.

Thompson, Jewel A. Taylor. "Technical Practices of Negro Composers in Choral Works by A Cappella Choir." Master of Arts (Theory), University of Rochester, 1960.

Thompson, Leon E. "A Historical and Stylistic Analysis of the Music of William Grant Still and a Thematic Catalogue of His Work." D.M.A. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1967.

Wilson, Doris Louise Jones. "Eva Jessye: Afro-American Choral Director." Ed.D., Washington University, 1989.