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OAKLAND COMMUNITY SCHOOL OPENS FIFTH YEAR

(Oakland, Calif.) - America's public schools began the 1975-76 school year in chaos and violence. In Boston, Massachusetts, and Louisville, Kentucky, clashes erupted between police and White racists opposed to forced school busing (see article, page 7). Meanwhile, in cities from Berkeley, California, to New York City, teachers' strikes have left one out of 22 public school children out of school. Amidst the turbulence in the public school system is a distinct, refreshing contrast, indeed, an example of what education should be all about -- the highly respected Oakland Community School, which peacefully began its fifth year of innovative education for Black and poor youth on September 8.

The tuition-free, fully accredited School, (formerly the Intercommunal Youth Institute), located at 6118 E. 14th Street in East Oakland, has a current enrollment of 120 children between the ages of two and one-half and 11. The children are placed in eight ungraded groups according to their skills and abilities. The eighth group is new this year and has been added to better serve the diverse educational needs of the children.

The staff of the Oakland Community School, headed by its dedicated director, Ms. Ericka Huggins, has worked diligently to develop an exciting, model educational curriculum geared toward the creation of a learning atmosphere absent of the sterile and abstract techniques

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found in the classrooms of so many public schools. The majority of the youth enrolled at the School are former students from the racist public school system which has failed to provide Black and minority youth with a meaningful education.

The spacious facilities of the School include eight classrooms, an art room, a curriculum center, a large, fully-equipped kitchen, a huge cafeteria area, and an auditorium with a seating capacity of 350 which is used for drama presentations and other School programs.

The atmosphere in the classrooms -- classes are held from 9:30 a.m. to 3:15 p.m. Monday through Friday -- is structured but open in keeping with the School's philosophy that the instructors' function is to facilitate the children's learning as opposed to lecturing to them. The children are encouraged to communicate with each other as part of their learning experience. Three representatives from Groups 2 through 8 comprise the Youth Committee which has direct input into the academic and activity-related decision-making at the School.

The 1975-76 curriculum includes Language Arts, Spanish, Mathematics, Speech, Science, Social Science, Environmental Studies, Physical Education, Art, Music Appreciation and Voice.

The Language Arts classes are designed to develop the students' skills in vocabulary: reading; grammar; writing; and use of books and the library.

To aid the children in expressing themselves clearly, effectively and confidently in speaking, Speech classes have been created. Projected activities in Speech for the coming year include taping the children's voices to locate errors and deficiencies in pronunciation, enunciation and grammar; correct usage of present and simple past tenses of verbs; and development of the ability to speak in complete sentences.

This year's Spanish classes will focus on the study of the Spanish language, aspects of Latin American and Spanish-speaking countries and field trips. The study of the Spanish language -- which will vary according to the level, span of attention and particular interests of each group -- will concentrate on basic, day-to-day Spanish expressions and conversations. The ultimate goal is for the children to be able to read and write in Spanish.

The Mathematics curriculum includes: arithmetic (counting, recognition and writing of numbers): sets; vocabulary and symbols; measurement of money and time; geometry; and algebra. The Mathematics curriculum is designed to promote the students' ability to perform objectives in these areas as well as objectives in logic, probability and statistics.

The Oakland Community School's Social Science curriculum -- the scientific study of society's past, present and future possibilities -- includes investigation, study and analysis based upon facts. The children's thinking and drawing of conclusions, as opposed to the instructors' opinions about social issues, are emphasized. American history, for example, when the facts are examined, is quite different from the public school textbook interpretation that is usually presented. Other areas of study in Social Science include current events, geography, Black history and world studies.

WORLD IS CLASSROOM

"The World Is Our Classroom" -- the motto of the Oakland Community School -- is the guiding principle which motivates the Environmental Studies program. The objective, partially accomplished through field trips, is to put the students into as much contact with the "extracurricular" world as possible.

In Music Appreciation, the children will study gospel music, blues, jazz, rock and roll, funk/ discotheque, classical, Latin American and Caribbean music as well as learn to recognize musical instruments. The vocal skills of the children will be developed in the Voice classes. The children will also construct, compose, and write original songs of their own and will participate in a choir.

The Art program will introduce the children to a variety of crafts and drawing media as well as art history which will expose the children to the integral role that art plays in people's lives and how history and politics have shaped the thinking of artists and how art has shaped the thinking of people.

The study of the human body, nutrition, health, hygiene, the physical properties of matter and use of laboratory equipment are among the subjects included in the Science program for the coming year. The Oakland Community School Science Club will sponsor an after-school program consisting of a science film series, weekly science activity sessions and individual and small group science projects. Membership in the club is open to enrolled students as well as youth in the surrounding community.

In addition to student participation in basketball, track and field, soccer, wrestling, swimming and rowing, handball, gymnastics, martial arts and other sports, the Physical Education curriculum has been expanded to include yoga, isometrics and a study of the history of sports.

Beyond its academic program, the Oakland Community School offers services designed to promote and realize the physical, psychological and social growth and development of its students. The School's health service provides eye, hearing and speech screening for the children and takes care of their first aid or emergency care health needs. Parents are encouraged to register with Children's Hospital which the School uses for consultant and emergency services. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are served each day in the school's cafeteria.

HARD WORK

The School survives through the hard work of its staff and the parents and community volunteers who helped develop the school and have made it the model school it is today. Parents who are able contribute $25.00 monthly to assist in the general expenses of the School as well as provide the supplies needed for classroom use.

The Oakland Community School was originally conceived by Huey P. Newton, leader and chief theoretician of the Black Panther Party, who says concerning the purpose of the school:

"The School is the realization of a dream…to repair disabled minds and the disenfranchised lives of this country's poor communities, to lay the foundations as to create an arena for the world without such suffering. Our aim is to provide the young of these communities with as much knowledge possible and to provide them with the ability to interpret that knowledge with understanding. For we believe without knowledge there can be no real understanding and that understanding is the key to liberation of all."

CENTRAL DISTRIBUTION
8501 E. 14th STREET
OAKLAND, CALIF. 94621

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EDITORIAL: BLACKS AND ISRAEL

The recent creation of the Black Americans to Support Israel Committee (BASIC) by certain prominent Black Americans is a move aimed at undermining the unity of action and purpose in the struggle for liberation that is emerging between Black Americans and our African and Third World family.

Under the pretext of demonstrating the "common interests in democracy and justice" between Jews and Blacks, BASIC's real purpose is to rally Black American opposition to the growing move within the United Nations, led by African and other Third World countries, to expel Israel from the world body for its persistent refusal to implement U.N. decisions aimed at guaranteeing peace in the Middle East.

If, indeed, the group is guided by the fundamental principles of "a commitment to democracy; opposition to all forms of racial, religious and sexual discrimination; and the conviction that denial of equal rights to any minority threatens not only every other minority but democracy itself." then its unqualified support for Israel is on shaky ground.

A non-Jewish (Arab) citizen of Israel is not permitted to lease or work on state land or lands owned "in the name of the Jewish people." Nor is he able to reside in specially designated all-Jewish cities, built on lands confiscated from Israeli Arabs. There are tens of thousands of stateless Israeli Arabs unable to satisfy the requirements of the Israeli Nationality Laws, a number which is increasing since statelessness is inherited. Arabs do not acquire Israeli citizenship by virtue of the fact that they are born in Israel, in villages where their families may have lived for generations

These and other equally revealing facts about the true nature of "Israeli democracy" help determine the position taken by African and Third World countries toward the Zionist state.

We believe that Black Americans, like our Third World counterparts, should cast our lot with the victims of Arab ruling class treachery. Zionist ruling class aggression and imperialist interference and provocation -- the Palestinian people and the masses of the Arab and Israeli people. Their liberation is the only guarantee of justice and peace in the Middle East.

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Letters to the Editor

BICENTENNIAL MEANINGLESS FOR BLACKS

Dear Editor,

The United States has entered into the celebration of its bicentennial birthday. While everyone seems to be extolling the achievements of the last 200 years, The Black community nationwide should not participate in this hypocritical festival of denial and bigotry. In reality, this country was conceived in racism and dedicated to the implied proposition that all White men are created equal. When the founding Fathers of this country wrote the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, Black people and Indians were not included. We were only considered three-fifths human. George Washington himself owned some 300 slaves.

Thomas Jefferson, that great humanitarian, got his first personal Black body servant at the age of 14 and later on Jefferson was the proud owner of 204 slaves. Blacks were not a part of the Constitution, therefore, have no need to celebrate this nation's independence

Black people, collectively, need to call for national repentance, and join with AIM (American Indian Movement) in declaring one year of national mourning for turning the American dream that never was into a nightmare that always is.

This country should create its first national commitment to freedom. Henry Kissinger went to Berlin to reaffirm this country's national commitment to freedom -- let him go to Birmingham. The President went to Brussels -- let him go to Harlem. Two hundred years have passed and we're not free, and that that calls for mourning and struggle, not celebration.

Mr. Akida K. Sababu
Canton, Ohio

INVESTIGATE RACIST DALLAS POLICE

Brothers:

Regarding the recent shooting of a Nigerian student in that racist, reactionary cesspool known as Dallas, Texas. This murder must be brought to the attention of the Nigerian government. They must demand justice from the city of Dallas and the American government. They should also bring this racist murder to the attention of the United Nations

There have been more than a half dozen blatant racist murders in recent months by White racist Dallas police and civilians besides this young man's murder

There should be a federal Justice Department investigation of the polices and activities of the Dellas Police Department.

Also, where is Mayor Pro Iem Allen during these murders? He's a Black man. Why doesn't he stand up for Black people's rights? Why can't he prevail upon the city council to curb racist police brutality?

Harry Kirky
Montclair N.J.

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COMMENT: School vs. Education

Russell Baker, columnist for The New York Times, is one of the premier political satirists writing in the contemporary media. His following analysis, cynical as it is realistic, cuts through the middle-class hypocrisy surrounding the "schooling of American youth.

By the age of six the average child will have completed the basic American education and be ready to enter school. If the child has been attentive in these preschool years, he or she will already have mastered many skills.

From television, the child will have learned how to pick a lock, commit a fairly elaborate bank holdup. prevent wetness all day long, get the laundry twice as white and kill people with a variety of sophisticated armaments.

From watching his parents, the child, in many cases, will already know how to smoke, how much soda to mix with whiskey, what kind of language to use when angry and how to violate the speed laws without being caught.

At this stage, the child is ready for the second stage of education which occurs in school. There, a variety of lessons may be learned in the very first days.

The teacher may illustrate the economic importance of belonging to a strong union by closing down the school before the child arrives. Fathers and mothers may demonstrate to the child the social cohesion that can be built on shared hatred by demonstrating their dislike for children whose pigmentation displeases them.

In the latter event, the child may receive visual instruction in techniques of stoning buses, cracking skulls with a nightstick and subduing mobs with tear gas. Formal education has begun.

During formal education, the child learns that life is for testing. This stage last twelve years, a

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period during which the child learns that success comes from telling testers what they want to hear.

Early in this stage, the child learns that he is either dumb or smart. If the teacher puts intelligent demands upon the child, the child learns he is smart. If the teacher expects little of the child, the child learns he is dumb and soon quits bothering to tell the testers what they want to hear.

At this point, education becomes more subtle. The child taught by school that he is dumb observes that neither he, she, nor any of the many children who are even dumber ever failed to be promoted to the next grade. From this, the child learns that while everybody talks a lot about the virtue of being smart, there is very little incentive to stop being dumb.

What is the point of school, besides attendance?, the child wonders. As the end of the first formal stage of education approaches, school answers this question. The point is to equip the child to enter college.

Children who have been taught they are smart have no difficulty. They have been happily telling testers what they want to hear for twelve years. Being artists at telling testers what they want to hear, they are admitted to college joyously, where they promptly learn that they are the hope of America.

Children whose education has been limited to adjusting themselves to their schools' low estimates of them are admitted to less joyous colleges which, in some cases, may teach them to read.

At this stage of education, a fresh question arises for everyone. If the point of lower education was to get into college, what is the point of college?

The answer is soon learned. The point of college is to prepare the student -- no longer a child now -- to get into graduate school. In college, the student learns that it is no longer enough simply to tell the testers what they want to hear. Many are tested for graduate school; few are admitted.

Those excluded may be denied valuable certificates to prosper in medicine, at the bar, in the corporate boardroom. The student learns that the race is to the cunning and often, alas, to the unprincipled.

Thus, the student learns the importance of destroying competitors and emerges richly prepared to play his role in the great simmering melodrama of American life.

Afterwards, the former student's destiny fulfilled, his life rich with oriental carpets, rare porcelain and full bank accounts, he may one day find himself with the leisure and the inclination to open a book with a curious mind, and start to become educated.

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Former “Minority Reports” Producer Sues KTVU-TV

(Oakland, Calif.) - Larry Wydermyer, former producer/coordinator of the early morning Minority Reports program on this city's only TV station, KTVU, Channel 2, has filed a federal class action suit against the station's owners charging gross denial of Black people's equal employment opportunities.

Filed in U.S. District Court in San Francisco by prominent Oakland attorney Howard Moore, Jr., the suit charges that Brother Wydermyer "has been harassed and continually threatened with dismissal on the slightest pretext" and has had his duties at KTVU reduced to that of a "messenger or errand boy."

BLACKS AS A CLASS

Specifically the suit charges KTVU, owned by the Miami Valley Broadcasting Company, Inc., "has and continues to discriminate against Blacks as a class and the plaintiff (Brother Wydermyer) in particular by:

a) never employing a Black person as a regular member of its Action News format as an anchor person:

b) restricting employment opportunities for Blacks as producer or co-producer to programs directly related or oriented to minority group interests;

c) never employing a Black person as a manager and official and as a sales worker; and

d) passing over Blacks whose experience and qualifications are equal to or better than Whites who are either promoted or newly hired to fill the higher paying, higher status positions which lead to the managerial and official level."

Brother Wydermyer's relationship with KTVU began in May, 1971. when he was hired as a news assistant at $3.25 an hour for a five hour day.

Appointed as producer-coordinator of Minority Reports in 1972 -- which coincided with his graduation from San Francisco State with a B.A. in Broadcast Communication Arts -- Wydermyer saw the program's format drastically altered. He was also assigned duties as an assistant

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assignment editor, a trainee position.

In 1974, Brother Wydermyer received a Master's Degree at San Francisco State in Educational Media Technology, with a grade point average of 3.8 out of a possible 4.0. He also became active in a group known as Blacks in the Media for Affirmative Action (BMAA), whose objectives include improving the image of Black persons in the broadcast media and in improving employment opportunities for Blacks.

In March of 1974, Brother Wydermyer, finding himself and other Blacks stalemated and locked in to unnecessarily lowgrade and dead-end jobs at KTVU, filed a complaint with the California Fair Employment Practices Commission, asserting that KTVU discriminated against Blacks in employment. Since this complaint was filed. Wydermyer has been increasingly harassed by the station's management.

STATISTICS

Statistics, however, bear out Brother Wydermyer's charges of racism against KTVU.

KTVU employs approximately 10 to 20 Blacks out of a total of approximately 150 to 160 persons. This is at most 12.5% in a city in which the Black population numbers 45% to 50%. Of the 22 managers and officials at KTVU, none are Black: of seven "sales workers," none are Black: of 48 technicians, four are Black: of 33 office and clerical workers, five are Black: of 14 skilled craftsmen, semi-skilled operatives and service workers, four are Black; of the approximately 11 part-time workers in various job categories, only one is Black.

Among the remedies the lawsuit seeks is that KTVU award back pay to and make other judgments the court deems just and proper for Brother Wydermyer and other Black persons discriminated against by the station.

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COMMUNITY LEADERS DEMAND TO SEE “COONSKIN” BEFORE BAY AREA RELEASE

(Oakland, Calif.) - The Community Coalition Against Racism has requested a pre-release screening of the mixed live and animated full-length feature Coonskin to which representatives of the Bay Area Black and minority communities would be invited.

In a letter to the newly opened Bryanston Distribution office in San Francisco, Coalition spokesperson Pastor J. Alfred Smith of Allen Temple Baptist Church has also requested the opportunity, following the screening, "to express our reactions to the film and our advice regarding its distribution" in the Bay Area.

The film Coonskin,currently on display in New York City and Los Angeles, California, has come under severe attack by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and Blacks generally for its racist depiction of Black people and the Black community. CORE and other groups have maintained picket lines in front of movie houses showing the film in both cities.

The film was originally to be distributed by Paramount Films, but widespread objection to its contents and style forced Paramount Films to drop the product. Bryanston Distribution, a small film distributor, has taken up distribution rights for the film and is planning a late September or early October release of the film in the Bay Area.

When contacted by a representative of the Community Coalition Against Racism by phone last Monday, a Mr. Hutchinson at the Bryanston Distribution office said he was not yet sure of the release date in the Bay Area, and expressed some concern at the request for a pre-release screening for community representatives.

Hutchinson told the caller that he was not sure when he would have a print of the film available and requested that he be contacted later in the week regarding the possibility of arranging a pre-release screening.

The full text of Pastor Smith's letter to Bryanston Distribution follows:

"Gentlemen, we understand your office is planning the distribution in the Bay Area of the mixed animated and live feature film Coonskin, created by Ralph Bakshi. In view of charges that the film misrepresents Black Americans, we request that you make possible a special, pre-release screening of Coonskin to which representatives of the Bay Area Black and minority communities would be invited.

"We also request the opportunity, following the screening, to express our reactions to the film and our advice regarding its distribution. The presence of Mr. Bakshi and producer Albert S. Ruddy at the special screening and their participation in the after-screening discussion could be helpful. We therefore request that they be present at the proposed pre-release screening.

"We are confident our request will be honored in the spirit it is made. We look forward to your reply.

"Sincerely, J. Alfred Smith, Spokesperson."

Oakland organizations and institutions represented in the Community Coalition Against Racism include the Allen Temple Deacons and members, Allen Temple Social Christian concerns. Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. Baptist Ministers Union Bay Area Anti-Repression Committee,

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Black Panther Party, Black Women's Association of Holy Names College, Black Women of Action, Cal-Pak, COAJ -- Committee to Change Oakland's Aims with Victor James, Charles Houston Law Club, Congressman Ron Dellums' office, East Bay Pan Hellenic Council, East Oakland CBS Democratic Club, East Oakland Community Corporation, Elmhurst Presbyterian Church, Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, Men of Tomorrow, Muleskinners Democratic Club, N.A.A.C.P., Oakland Black Officers Association, United East Oakland Christian Association and the United East Oakland Clergy.

"We encourage all thinking people, regardless of their color, to boycott this film, especially since it portrays Blacks as animals," Wendall Gamett of the Los Angeles CORE office told a reporter. Gamett led a nighttime picket line at the Egyptian Theater on Hollywood Boulevard, shortly after the film's opening in Los Angeles.

Although the film is showing at two United Artis (UA) movie houses in Los Angeles, UA is not handling distribution. Telephone contact with the UA office in San Francisco led us to the Bryanston Distribution office, newly opened last week at 988 Market Street in San Francisco.

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FORMER GUARD SPEWS LIES AND RACIST BIAS: “GEORGE JACKSON SET-UP SPARKED SAN QUENTIN DEATHS”

(San Rafael, Calif.) - Spewing forth openly bitter statements of hatred and contempt for not only the six Black and Brown defendants on trial, but for all prison inmates in general, former Adjustment Center guard Urbano Rubiaco continued to present his slanted, biased testimony last week in the San Quentin 6 proceedings at Marin County Courthouse here.

Six feet, two inches tall and weighing 225 pounds, Rubiaco, 28, seemed to have a penchant for being assigned to the most dehumanizing, brutal locations. Rubiaco worked in the notorious "O-Wing" of Soledad Prison before being transferred to the Adjustment Center at San Quentin.

He boldly testified that he "hates" Fleeta Drumgo, one of the six defendants, and says that he "didn't particularly like" fallen Black Panther Party Field Marshal George Jackson. While not openly avowing his obvious racist, White supremacist views, Rubiaco by his own admission doesn't like any prison inmates in particular.

"LOVE YOU PIGS"

Rubiaco somehow survived having his throat cut during the August 21, 1971, incident, and last week melodramatically testified that Brother Hugo Pinell whispered to him, "I love you pigs" just prior to allegedly slitting his throat from ear to ear with a broken razor blade melted to the end of a tooth brush.

When the Adjustment Center was retaken by San Quentin authorities, Rubiaco emerged insanely screaming for a gun in order to personally kill the inmates inside and had to be forcibly restrained by the other guards. He brutally kicked an inmate in the side who was handcuffed and hogtied on the lawn in front of the AC.

Rubiaco is also a prime participant in the official cover-up of the events that fateful afternoon. Under careful cross-examination by noted attorney Charles R. Garry, who is defending Black Panther Party member Johnny Larry Spain in the frame-up case, Rubiaco lamely denied he knew what was going to happen in advance of August 21.

Yet, immediately following the incident, Rubiaco's own girl friend told reporters that Rubiaco positively and definitely told her in conversation what was going to happen at least two weeks before August 21, 1971.

The defense team, as asserted by attorney Garry in his brilliant opening statement, has charged that the state's obsessed intent to set up and assassinate author/revolutionary Jackson, plus the inhuman conditions within San Quentin's Adjustment Center, led to the bloody murders of Brother George and five others on August 21. The selfless, heroic actions of George Jackson and his close comrade, Johnny Spain, are generally credited with saving the lives of many of the other Adjustment Center inmates that day.

The conclusion of attorney Garry's opening statement follows.

CONCLUSION

MR. GARRY: "In connection with what I said about the prison conditions, and the attitude of the men who are bottled up in this cesspool, and the attitude of the inmates at San Quentin per se: that after all of the bodies were being removed, and particularly the bodies of the officers, as they were being removed, the inmates who were gathered around watching this removal of the bodies -- I'm not talking about the inmates in the Adjustment Center, I'm talking about other inmates who

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were not in the Adjustment Center, and particularly those in Section D -- were applauding as these bodies were being removed.

"This is in the reports, the evidence will show.

"The applauding is for the purpose that the men in San Quentin, the men in prison have such a hatred for many of these guards who live and work in a very barbaric and a sadistic way, the evidence will show that is true of many of the guards. It's also true that many of the guards are not sadistic and barbaric, many of them are human and decent, but the attitude that the average inmate has found to be is that most of the guards are inhuman and create problems that are unnecessary for them.

BETWEEN GATES

"As the evidence unfolds, there will be a guard who was between gates, his name is Officer Fleming. Officer Fleming is a Black man. He worked in between gates. He is the one the evidence will show that George Jackson came in [with] and he escorted him to the A Room.

"The evidence will also show unequivocally that George Jackson left the visiting room, visiting Room A, that Officer Fleming saw Officer DeLeon searching him, and he also noted that his hair was neatly combed, nothing irregular about his hair.

"Now the evidence will show that Mr. Fleming knows what an Afro is, is in a position as a Black man himself to know if there was anything irregular about Mr. Jackson's hair.

"One other matter that I would like to call to your attention, that one of the officers, I believe his name was Officer Johnson, who came from the second tier along with Officer Hampton, who said he saw a revolver, what he thought to be a revolver, and he said it looked like a .38 revolver to him in the hands of Johnny Spain.

"Officer Johnson will testify, and the evidence will show, that he heard an inmate say, `For God sakes, let me out of here.'

"The evidence will show that the person who said, `For God sakes, let me out of here,' happens to be Johnny Larry Spain, and he got out of there.

"He ran. He ran out of there. He was the first one to run out of there and George Jackson followed him. It was Johnny Spain who had the key in his hand to get out of that place.

"The evidence will clearly show that that whole area was so confused and in such bedlam that no one knew what was going on and no one knew what anyone was doing.

"I will say this, that we believe the evidence will show this prosecution is a selective prosecution, that each and every one of these six defendants has been chosen to be defendants in this case some four years ago. August 21st will be the fourth anniversary.

"The evidence will show these men were selected, these defendants were selected because of their strong feelings on racism, their strong belief that the California Department of Corrections is inhuman and is destructive to the very essence of decent humanity and for no other reason.

"I will also add that many of the writings that these men have, these defendants have, and I can only talk about Mr. Spain, and I will concentrate on Mr. Spain, all of Mr. Spain's writings have a theme, a message, and that message is humanity, love and affection.

SPECIAL MEANING

"Now, much of the language that is used by the men and women of the ghettos of America have a special meaning. That meaning is uncommon to the White population. Unless you are familiar with the particular jargon, of the particular vocabulary of the ghetto, you will misread many of these articles that are written. And it's to that end that we intend to have presented to you at the proper time, a language expert who will understand the terms and meaning of `signify.'

That term alone, `signify,' has a special meaning and those of you who have had experience with Black Americans and ghetto Americans will understand what `signify' means, and what the relevancy of it is, so if a particular word that we -- that the Establishment -- accepts and understands, in the ghettos of America, that language, that word, has an entirely different meaning.

"We will present to you an expert to evaluate the language, to interpret the language in its real essence and its real meaning.

"I'm going to conclude now. I thank you very much for the time you have shown in listening to what I have to say.

As the evidence unfolds, we will be able to discuss it again in our closing arguments.

"Thank you, your Honor."

THE COURT: "Thank you, Mr. Garry."

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Glass House Thrills Community Forum Audience

(Oakland, Calif.) - THE GLASS HOUSE, described by master of ceremonies James Mott as "one of the best singing and instrumental groups to come out of the Bay Area in awhile," headlined the Son of Man Temple Community Forum on Sunday, September 14, 1975.

The Glass House electrified their audience with their own original compositions as well as songs by Herbie Hancock, Harold Melvin, B.T. Express and other artists.

The appreciative crowd thanked The Glass House with two standing ovations.

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THIS WEEK IN BLACK HISTORY

September 20, 1830

On September 20, 1830, the first national Black Convention met in Philadelphia's Bethel Church with Richard Allen presiding.

September 17, 1861

A school for Black children with a Black teacher, Mary Peake, was established at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, on September 17, 1861. This school laid the foundation for Hampton Institute.

September 22-23, 1862

A careful examination of history has shown that President Abraham Lincoln was far from the emancipator many Black people think he was. In fact, he tried every maneuver he could think of to avoid freeing Black people from chattel slavery. On September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned the South that he would free the slaves in all states in rebellion. Also, on September 23, President Lincoln discussed with his Cabinet acquisition of territory for deporta-of free Black people.

September 18, 1895

On September 18, 1895, Booker T. Washington delivered the infamous "Atlanta Compromise" address at the Cotton Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia. This speech has gone down in history as an apologetic justification for slavery, all the more pathetic because it was made by a Black man.

September 20, 1958

On September 20, 1958, Martin Luther King. Jr., was stabbed in the chest by a crazed Black woman while he was autographing books in a Harlem store. The woman was placed under mental observation.

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Black Councilwoman Under Attack By Dallas Police

(Dallas, Texas) - This city's first and only Black councilwoman. Sister Lucy Patterson, has come under vicious attack by Lt. Charles Burnley, head of the Dallas Police Association (DPA), for her outspoken criticism of the questionable effectiveness of police tactical squads in Dallas. Ms. Patterson has demanded a thorough study of these paramilitary units before any more funds are allocated to them and has criticized the Tactical Squad's policy of "physical strength over social programs."

Because of Ms. Patterson's outspoken position, Burnley wrote a very "out-of-hand-letter" to her and the Dallas City Council calling her the "policeman's adversary." The letter was in reality an attempted cover-up of the Tactical Squad's reputation for brutality and overreacting in the Black community.

UPROAR

The letter has caused an uproar in both the city council and the Black community. Mayor Pro Tem George Allen, who is Black, termed the letter "mighty serious," "going a little far afield." Councilwoman Adlen Harrison termed it an "uncalled for" attack.

The Dallas Chapter of the Black Panther Party has been in the forefront in the defense of Councilwoman Patterson. Burnley is well known since he works in the crimes-against-persons department of the Dallas police. He personally prepares the files to be sent to the grand jury when a citizen is killed by a policeman. Because of this attack and the recent wave of allegedly "justifiable homicides," the Dallas BPP Chapter has raised the question of whether the Dallas police are controlled by the city government or not.

The Dallas BPP has worked closely with South Dallas Information Center head Al Lipscomb in the organization of community leaders to go to city hall in defense of Ms. Patterson. At a council meeting on Monday, September 8, speaker after speaker spoke against Burnley, with Brother Lipscomb charging Burnley with "insubordination" and "flagrant violation of his rank."

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Fred Bell, coordinator of the Dallas Chapter of the Black Panther Party, handed the council a statement denouncing the DPA as being "unlawful" according to city personnel rules and pointing out its racism. The conclusion of this statement vowed that the Black Panther Party would not "sit idle and permit elected officials and leaders to be attacked and intimidated by the DPA or by any forces" and again raised the fundamental question -- who runs the Dallas Police Department?

Demands put before the council included a call for a complete investigation into the funding and operation of the DPA and an investigation into Burnley himself on his "handling of police killings", and the question of his doing DPA work on taxpayer's time. It was also demanded that Burnley be suspended until this investigation is completed.

The Dallas Chapter of the Black Panther Party also demands the protection of Ms. Patterson by persons chosen by her, knowing the treachery of the Dallas Police Department.

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F.B.I INFORMER IN HAMPTON -- CLARK MURDER CASE “FOUND”

(Chicago. Ill) - Threatened by possible felony charges of perjury, the U.S. Attorney's office here announced last week that it has "found" an alleged "missing" FBI informer who is a key figure in the upcoming multimillion dollar trial of law enforcement officials responsible for executing the infamous 1969 predawn raid and assassination of Illinois Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark.

Only five days after he brazenly told federal District Court Judge Sam Perry that FBI informer William O'Neal had vanished, assistant U.S. Attorney Arnold Kanter meekly explained that O'Neal's telephone number had been "inadvertently misplaced," but was found and that the Judas agent had been contacted.

CAT-AND-MOUSE

The end of the absurd, yet serious, "cat-and-mouse" game came about as the result of a demand, lodged by an attorney for the slain Panthers' families, that the U.S. Attorney General and the head of the U.S. marshal's service be required to swear under oath in court that they had no knowledge of O'Neal's whereabouts.

O'Neal's testimony in the $47 million damage suit filed by the families of Hampton and Clark is considered crucial to their case.

In early 1969, William O'Neal infiltrated the then fledgling Chicago Chapter of the Black Panther Party, coordinated under the dedicated leadership of the charismatic and dynamic 21-year-old Fred Hampton.

It was O'Neal who sketched out the detailed map of Hampton's Westside apartment used by the early morning December 4, 1969, "search and destroy" squad of Chicago police raiders dispatched by former U.S. Attorney Edward Hanrahan.

Also, it is believed to have been O'Neal who drugged Fred Hampton the night before the attack. "Chairman" Fred, as he was called, was murdered in his sleep.

William O'Neal's role as a paid FBI informer only became known in 1973, four years later, when he surfaced to testify in a heated local murder case. At that time he sought, and was granted, federal protection for his treachery. He was given a new identity, a new job -- and, reportedly, a new face -- in a new location.

When Kanter first dropped the bombshell that O'Neal had vanished, he justified the disappearance with the feeble excuse that the informer had signed a release from protection, and that all efforts to trace him had been futile.

But the bombshell proved to be a dud when it was swiftly refuted by two highly reputable sources.

First, a federal employee with intimate knowledge of the case told a reporter that O'Neal was being hidden by U.S. marshals who were transporting him from state to state.

Then, former assistant U.S. Attorney Sheldon Waxman came forth saying that he was prepared to testify that, if asked, he could name at least one person (apparently a federal marshal) "who would always know where O'Neal would be."

Kanter now says that O'Neal will cooperate in the case and will give a pretrial deposition to the attorneys for the Hampton and Clark families and the seven survivors of the murderous assault.

-- 5 --

C.I.A. Illegally Maintains Deadly Poisons

(Washington, D.C.) - In direct violation of then President Nixon's 1969 order to destroy all existing stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has secretly maintained two deadly poisons -- cobra venom and shellfish toxin -- as well as a variety of disabling drugs and insecticides.

Senator Frank Church of Idaho says he plans to question former CIA chief Richard Helms (now ambassador to Iran) in closed session of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Ambassador Helms is also expected to be a witness at public hearings to be held soon.

-- 6 --

1 IN 3 AMERICANS BELIEVE CAPITALISM FAILING

Sweeping Economic Changes Favored In People's
Bicentennial Poll

(Washington, D.C.) - One of every three Americans believes capitalism is on the decline according to a recent survey sponsored by the People's Bicentennial Commission (PBC). A majority favor vast and sweeping changes in this country's economic system demanding a more equitable distribution of the wealth and greater employee ownership and control over their conditions of labor.

The poll was conducted by the prestigious Hart Research Association via telephone questions with 1,209 "average" citizens during the week of July 25, for the People's Bicentennial Commission. The PBC is a nonprofit organization committed to (1) "reacquainting people with the democratic principles stated in the Declaration of Independence and fought for during the American Revolution; and (2) extending those same democratic principles to the economic institutions of our country during the Bicentennial era."

Part 1 of the results of the People's Bicentennial Commission's poll follows.

THE NATION'S ECONOMIC
HEALTH

- 55% of the public now term the nation's economic health as "poor" or "below average," while just 10% rate the health of the economy as "above average" or "excellent." The remaining 30% with an opinion saw it as "average."

VIEWS ON THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM

- 33% of the public believe that our capitalist economic system has already reached its peak in terms of performance and is now on the decline, while only 22% believe that it has not yet reached its peak and is still getting better, and another 30% believe that it is neither improving nor on the decline.

RATING THE PERFORMANCE OF AMERICAN BUSINESS

- 69% of the public give American business a negative rating in "keeping profits at reasonable levels," while only 26% give business a positive rating.

- 55% of the public give American business a negative rating in "providing good quality products," while 43% give business a positive rating.

- 59% of the public give American business a negative rating in "enabling people to make full use of their abilities" while only 35% give business a positive rating.

- 72% of the public give American business a negative rating when it comes to "really caring about the individual," while only 25% give business a positive rating.

- 84% of the public give American business a negative rating when it comes to "keeping down the cost of living," while only 12% give it a positive rating.

- 50% of the public give American business a negative rating when it comes to "safeguarding the health of workers and consumers" while 46% give it a positive rating.

- 75% of the public give American business a negative rating when it comes to "preventing unemployment and economic recessions" while only 18% give it a positive rating.

The public gives American business a negative rating in every category of performances except one, paying good wages and salaries.

- 55% of the public give American business a positive rating when it comes to "paying good wages and salaries" and 41% give it a negative rating.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-TRUST LAWS: PAST AND FUTURE

- 63% of the public believe that anti-trust laws have been "only somewhat effective" or "of little effect" in the past in "keeping corporations from getting too big," while only 31% believe they have been "very effective" or "fairly effective."

- In terms of the future, once again, a majority of the public, 55%, believe that anti-trust laws will be "only somewhat effective or "of little effect," while only 31% believe that they will be "very effective" or "fairly effective."

WHAT IS WRONG WITH OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM

- 72% of the public agree that "profits are the major goal of

-- 20 --
business even if it means unemployment and inflation," while only 24% disagree.

- 66% of the public agree that "generally people don't work as hard as they could, because they aren't given enough say in decisions which affect their jobs," while only 29% disagree.

- 67% of the public agree that "company management and stockholders are the people who benefit most from increased productivity," while only 27% disagree.

- 58% of the public agree that "local community interest and needs are not represented in making company policy," while 31% disagree.

- 61% of the public agree that "there is a conspiracy among big corporations to set prices as high as possible," while only 32% disagree.

- 56% of the public agree that "the increases that labor unions have gotten for workers are too large" while 36% disagree.

- 57% of the public agree that "both the Democratic and Republican parties are in favor of big business rather than the average worker," while only 35% disagree.

- 49% of the public agree that "big business is the source of most of what's wrong in this country today," while 45% disagree.

DOES WASHINGTON CONTROL
CORPORATIONS OR DO
CORPORATIONS CONTROL
WASHINGTON?

- 58% of the public say that "America's major corporations tend to dominate and determine the actions of our public officials in Washington," while just 25% believe that the reverse is true and that "public officials in Washington tend to dominate and determine the actions of our major corporations."

WHO BENEFITS FROM PROFITS?

- 68% of the public believe that "profits mainly benefit stockholders and management," while only 23% believe that the reverse is true, and that profits mainly "improve the general economic prosperity of everyone."

ARE MAJOR CORPORATIONS
LOYAL TO THE U.S.?

- 54% of the public say that if "corporations had an opportunity to sign a contract (with a foreign country) which would be profitable to the corporations but harmful to the interests of the United States," the corporations "would sign such a contract, while only 31% believe that the corporations "would not sign the contract."

TO BE CONTINUED

-- 6 --

OUR HEALTH

Glaucoma And
Eye Diseases

Glaucoma is an eye disease -- the cause of which remains unknown -- manifested by an increase in pressure within the eyeball. The increased pressure affects the visual center of the eye, leading in some cases, to blindness. In closed-angle (acute) glaucoma, the eye becomes red and painful and usually requires emergency treatment by an ophthalmologist.

Some medications may bring on a first attack of closed-angle glaucoma in people who are inclined to the disease but are not aware of their susceptibility. Such medications include antihistamines, which may be present in preparations used for the relief of colds, or in drugs for motion sickness, stomach disorders, over-the-counter (OTC) sleep remedies and depressants and tranquilizers used for the treatment of psychological illnesses.

Many people have simple glaucoma without knowing it and the disease can do irreparable damage to the sight without every causing noticeable discomfort. Because of the prevalence of glaucoma among adults in the U.S., the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness and eye specialists urge glaucoma screening tests during periodic health checkups for adults over 35, sooner for diabetics. If detected early, glaucoma can be treated and sight saved. Consult your ophthalmologist or optometrist during your next eye checkup to determine whether you are susceptible to closed-angle glaucoma and thus should avoid using the above-mentioned drugs.

Smarting, burning, itching and inflammation of the whites of the eye (conjunctivitis) and eyelids (blepharitis) are often caused by infection with bacteria or viruses or by allergic sensitivity to dust, pollens or molds. Most bacterial infections of the eyes can be cured fairly quickly by antibiotic drops or ointments prescribed by a physician. An acute inflammatory disorder of the eyes may in reality be a symptom of the onset of a general disease such as rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic eye disorders, such as astigmatism, farsightedness or nearsightedness, may cause eye fatigue.

-- 7 --

United Farm Workers Win Election Victories Over Teamsters

(Salinas, Calif.) - Worldwide attention is focused on California's "farm belt" as the United Farmworkers, led by Cesar Chavez, are struggling for the right to represent farmworkers on ranches and farms throughout the state.

Through a recent California legislative bill, secret ballot elections are being held so farmworkers can vote for the union of their choice. This was made necessary because farm owners attempted to destroy the UFW by signing contracts with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, going over the heads of farm laborers.

So far the UFW has scored major victories and has also suffered some stinging defeats. In Salinas, California, at Inter-harvest, the nation's largest lettuce producer, the UFW defeated the Teamsters in a convincing 1,167 to 28 vote while they lost a highly controversial election at E&J Gallo, the world's largest wine producer.

The defeat at Gallo was not only highly questionable but ironic. In 1973 Gallo vineyards signed contracts with the Teamsters after the UFW had represented Gallo farmworkers for over six years, touching off a movement led by the UFW for secret ballot elections. There were 150 ballots impounded as the Teamsters won 223 to 121. But the ballots which were impounded were those of "economic strikers" who struck Gallo when the UFW lost its contract there.

POLLING SITES

Cesar Chavez and his aides have reported numerous election irregularities and actual intimidation of voters. Some workers were threatened with firing if they voted for UFW and the polling sites themselves resemble armed camps surrounded by shotgun and rifle-wielding security guards. On top of this the polling sites are surrounded by cyclone topped fences with barbed wire. Chavez complained that, "Many of the workers were so frightened they didn't vote."

At the end of the first week the UFW led the Teamsters 14-7 in head to head elections. The UFW started with 12 contracts to the Teamster's 375 but have won the right to organize 3,600 farmworkers while the Teamsters have won the right to represent 1,600.

An unusual development has been the recent unity of American -born document holding farmworkers and "illegals," who have slipped across the Mexican border without documents. Previously, farmworkers frowned on these illegals because they kept wages down and were used as scabs during strikes. But now, through UFW, an active defense has been taken up for them. The aliens themselves stated that "We recognize that our best protection is to unite with the majority of the workers," in order to fight off attacks by the ranchers, teamsters, and the border patrol.

Because these workers now have the rights of union representation under this election, farmers and the border patrol have intensified attacks on them to prevent their joining the UFW.

So far the UFW is holding up in its most crucial test since its inception and, to an extent, has defeated the concerted effort of the Teamsters and the growers to destroy them.

-- 7 --

FEDERAL TROOPS ENFORCE SCHOOL BUSING

Sporadic Racist Violence In Boston, Louisville

(Boston, Mass.) - The heavy presence of federal troops and agents here and in Louisville, Kentucky, kept racial tensions over court-ordered busing of public school children relatively calm during the first week of school. By mid-week, attendance was up in the schools of both cities, following sporadic incidents in South Boston and Charlestown and four straight days of clashes between police and anti-busing forces in Louisville immediately preceding the opening of school.

Determined to prevent a repeat of the serious racial hostilities in Boston during the 1974 school year, the federal government assigned 100 U.S. marshals, 50 FBI agents, 14 field representatives of the Justice Department's Community Relations Service and six special federal prosecutors to oversee the beginning of the 1975 school year in Boston. The federal team was headed by J. Stanley Pottinger, assistant U.S. attorney general for civil rights. Pottinger told reporters:

"All things considered, it was much better than generally expected. There were no major incidents."

By mid-week, overall attendance in Boston public schools had reached 68.4%, up from 59.2% on Monday, September 8, the first day of school. Black attendance was 64%, up from 56% on Monday.

In addition to the heavy presence of U.S. officials and troops, another possible explanation for the decline in Boston's racial violence was commented on by Robert B. Schwartz, special assistant for education to Mayor Kevin H. White. Schwartz, citing statistics which showed that White middle class parents were refusing to send their children into Black neighborhoods, said, "I think we'll have a predominantly Black (school) system."

Accurate figures are hard to come by, but Boston schools seem to have lost nearly 10,000 students -- the majority of them White -- since initial busing started in September, 1974. Observers believe that many of these students have switched to parochial schools in order to avoid attending integrated schools.

Louisville was the site of the nation's first test of busing for desegregation between city and suburb in a major metropolitan area. In Louisville and suburban Jefferson County 11,300 Black students are being bused from the city to the suburbs and 11,300 White students -- out of a total of 118,000 students of both races -- are being bused to the city.

Before school opened in the "Blue Grass" state, thousands of Whites opposed to busing rioted in the county, destroying business property and setting buses on fire.

Jefferson County fought the busing plan to the bitter end in court but finally bowed to federal pressure to implement school

-- 24 --
integration via enforced busing. Armed guards rode Louisville school buses to discourage incidents by White racists. Attendance for the third day of school was estimated at about 66,728 or about 55% of the anticipated enrollment.

Perhaps the current mood of the Black community, whose children suffered repeated violence at the hands of White racists in Boston last year is best summed up by one Boston Black father, who said:

"There is a different attitude in the Black community this year. The attitude is if you kill my dog. I'll kill your cat. People are ready to fight. We took their abuse last year, and we didn't start any trouble. That was a mistake; they thought we were cowards. This year we will retaliate."

-- 7 --

Harlem Teachers Defy Striking Union

(Harlem, N.Y.) - While most of the city's teachers are out on strike, 39 of 41 teachers at Intermediate School 201 in Community School District 5 here are in their classrooms. The New York Times reports that the teachers defying the strike at IS 201 said they were refusing to honor the walkout by the United Federation of Teachers because the union had "deliberately" overlooked the layoffs of Black teachers who were, the IS teachers said, the last to be hired and the first to be dismissed.

"There are underlying issues not being publicized," said one teacher patrolling the halls. "It's the layoffs (of Black teachers) and it's decentralization as far as I'm concerned," he added.

-- 8 --

“DOUBLE CHAINS”

A Call To Action To Transform America's Prisons

By Bill Brent

Bill Brent, the author of the following in-depth examination of the U.S. penal system, is acutely aware of the horrors and indignities of America's prisons, having spent 12 years in some of this country's most barbaric prison dungeons. Brother Brent is presently living in forced exile in Cuba, where he is one of the most highly-respected Americans in residence and is about to receive a degree in language arts from the University of Havana.

In Part 7, author Brent continues his discussion of the brutal sexual assaults in Philadelphia jails, and then moves on to expose the authorities' complacent attitude following a Black inmate's tear gas/beating death in California's San Quentin Prison.

PART 7

Taking all these facts into consideration, Davis conservatively estimates that the true number of assaults in the 26-month period was about 2,000. One guard put the number at 250 a year in the detention center alone.

Of the estimated 2,000 assaults that occurred, 156 of which were documented, the inmates reported only 96 to prison authorities. Of this 96, only 64 were mentioned in the prison records. Of these 64, only 40 resulted in internal discipline against the aggressors and only 26 indictments were reported to police for prosecution.

This points out not only the injustice that a person has to suffer when confined to one of the many prisons in the United States of America at the hands of racist, fascist guards and prison officials; but also the dehumanizing, humiliating experiences that they sometimes have to suffer at the hands of their fellow prisoners.

If there is to be a realistic study made for the purpose of finding a way to relieve the subhuman conditions under which prisoners in the United States of America in the vast majority of the prisons are forced to live, then the study must also include the sexual drives, needs and desires of the people confined to these prisons. No realistic solution can be found to the inmates' immediate suffering without taking all the factors into consideration.

We do not believe that prison reform -- no matter how well-meaning -- will or can solve the problems in the prisons of the United States. The prisons are too much an integral part of the American economic way of life. But what we do know is that many hundreds of thousands of our fellow human beings do go to prisons in which they suffer miserably, unnecessarily.

Until such time as we the people have the necessary power to change the entire system, thereby giving us the possibility of changing the prison system itself, it is up to all of us who still have some feeling of humanity left to do everything we possibly can to relieve the degree of suffering, the unnecessary misery and the inhuman conditions under which our brothers and sisters live while they are in these prisons.

FRED BILLINGSLEA

On February 25, 1970, a young Black inmate in San Quentin, Fred Billingslea, was teargassed and beaten to death in his cell. The guards at San Quentin knew that Fred was an asthmatic. Billingslea was securely locked in a 5 by 8 cell from which he could not possibly escape, and yet those guards teargassed him inside the cell. After the teargassing, they went in and beat him, and he died as a result.

This seemingly senseless brutality and cruelty was designed to remind the other prisoners of the fact that their lives were also in danger, that at any moment these same guards could decide to come in, teargas and beat them to death, shoot them while they were walking in the yard, or hire some fellow prisoner to take their lives.

This act had the purpose of intimidating the other inmates, but instead of intimidating them, it inspired them to more determined efforts to expose to the people the fascist tactics and policy being used against them in the California prison system.

Inmate David Johnson was the first to file a suit against the prison system, accusing officials of violation of civil rights by murdering Fred Billingslea and asking that a sum of money be give to Fred's family. The court's reply to this suit was that one prisoner's civil rights are not violated by the death of another prisoner.

Other prisoners drafted a petition protesting the murder of Fred Billingslea and all who signed were later transferred to San Quentin's Adjustment Center. This was a desperate but vain attempt to silence the wave of just indignation and anger sweeping through the California prison system.

LAWSUIT

More prisoners filed individual writs or group lawsuits which were carefully prepared by such inmate lawyers as Ruchell Magee and Larry West. The corrupt legal machinery of the state of California, using the courts as its vehicle of oppression in this case, refused to act on behalf of the prisoners.

Using the excuse that the suits, affidavits, and writs were not properly prepared, there wasn't even enough interest to initiate an investigation. Now we should bear in mind that all this took place in California, a state which, according to all official reports, has one of the two most progressive prison systems within the 52 jurisdictions of the United States -- the other is New York.

TO BE CONTINUED

-- 8 --

PEOPLE'S PERSPECTIVE

Dead Inmates Families Refused

(Sacramento, Calif.) - In a surprise move, the California Senate here refused to pay a $270,000 claim recently for the families of three Black Soledad convicts slain by a guard in what was the start of a series of bloody prison killings. By a vote of 17-14, far short of the 27 needed, the state senate rejected legislation sought by Attorney General Evelle J. Younger to pay the out-of-court settlement for the deaths of the three Black prison activists, W.L. Nolen, Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller, Jr.

Death Penalty In Alabama

(Montgomery, Ala.) - Saying, "I hope we'll see some electrocutions in this state," Governor George C. Wallace signed into law recently a bill restoring the death penalty in Alabama. "I hope this bill is upheld because there are some bad folks, Black and White, that ought to be electrocuted in this state," Wallace said at a news conference. Wallace said he believes it will be a deterrent. "But if it's not a deterrent, at least it'll get some folks off the public's back, permanently."

House Overrides Ford Veto

(Washington, D.C.) - The House of Representatives easily overrode President Ford's recent veto of a $7.9 billion education appropriations bill. Education and health care bills are politically popular because of the broad constituent support, and the administration, facing a losing battle, did not make a major effort to try to sustain the veto of the education bill. Spectators in the House galleries applauded when the final vote total flashed on the electronic tally boards, but they were warned by Speaker of the House Carl Albert to be silent.

Calley Conviction Reinstated

(New Orleans, La.) - A federal appeals court reinstated the conviction of William L. Calley, Jr., recently for the murder of 22 Vietnamese civilians at Mai Lai. The ruling dealt only with issues of law left over from the trial of the former Army lieutenant. He had been freed following another federal judge's reversal of his original conviction.

-- 9 --

Pardon For Two Death Row Blacks After 12 Years?

(Tallahassee, Fla.) - Florida Governor Reubin Askew last week recommended a full pardon for two Black men, Freddie Pitts and Wilbert Lee, who have spent 12 years in jail for murders which a White convict has confessed he committed. The convict has made 3 confessions to these murders.

Askew was expected to give all six Cabinet members, sitting as the Pardon Board, a chance to sign the pardon within a week or so before sending the papers to the secretary of state.

The pardon would become official if three or more cabinet members sign the order. A cabinet source said at least five would sign.

Brothers Freddie Pitts and Wilbert Lee were convicted twice for the 1963 murders of Jesse Burkett and Grover Floyd, two White service station operators in Port St. Joe. For the past 12 years they have been incarcerated at Florida's Raiford Prison.

VICTIMS

Also, it has recently been disclosed that Chris Burkett, the son of one of the victims, has visited the state prison and talked to Brother Pitts to apologize for the state of Florida. Burkett believes that Brothers Lee and Pitts are innocent men.

"There is no doubt in my mind that they are in prison for something they didn't do." Burkett reportedly said. "The case against them is built on lies. It is a racial outrage. I know they didn't kill my father."

That same day Burkett stopped at the capitol in Tallahassee, in hope of seeing Governor Reubin Askew, who was attending a cabinet meeting. For almost an hour Burkett spoke with three Askew legal aides.

For more than 10 years Burkett lived in California working mostly in the circulation department of the San Jose Mercury, unaware of Lee and Pitts. If he ever did know their names, and he is not certain that he did, he forgot them.

One day in 1974, Burkett saw an old copy of the New York News while he was staying in Camillus, New York. A photograph of the

-- 12 --
service station where his father was killed caught his eye. He began to read a long story by Kenneth Gross under the headline, "Shadowy Justice in the Sunshine State."

"And I just got sick," said Chris Burkett.

A few days later Burkett wrote Governor Askew saying in part, "Many years ago my father was murdered at the Mo-Jo Service Station described in this article. For years I had just assumed that those persons found guilty were in fact guilty. After reading this story, I am completely convinced otherwise.

"I think you owe it to me, the state of Florida, and the interest of justice to check into this horrible injustice that has taken so many years of two innocent human lives. I can think of no greater tribute to my dead father than to make sure that the blame is placed on the right persons and removed from Wilbert Lee and Freddie Pitts, now still on death row for a crime I'm sure they did not commit."

-- 9 --

CALIFORNIA CHOREWORKERS FILE SUIT FOR WITHHELD WAGES

(San Francisco, Calif.) - Choreworkers from several northern California counties have filed a federal minimum wage suit against the counties they work for, claiming underpayment by the counties.

The suit, filed in U.S. District Court here, calls for the court to declare that state and county officials are violating the federal Fair Labor Standards Act and to order immediate payment of unlawfully withheld wages and damages totalling nearly $11 thousand plus court costs.

The choreworkers perform domestic work in the homes of aged, blind or disabled welfare recipients so that they need not be moved to costly and often demeaning institutions. More than 60,000 welfare recipients rely on choreworkers and homemakers.

The state program providing for such in-home services costs over $81 million a year, financed 75% by the federal government and 25% by the state. Administration of the program is left up to the counties. They set the rates which welfare recipients may pay for chore work.

Under this scheme, some choreworkers receive as little as $60 per hour while the minimum wage established by law is $2.00 per hour. By contrast, some of the same counties pay private agencies as much as $7.75 per hour to provide these same services -- more than 300% higher.

The plaintiffs work between four and eight hours a day and are paid as little as $200 per month for full time work. They claim back wages and damages individually of up to $8,000.

The federal Fair Labor Standard Act, which establishes the minimum wage, excluded all domestics until May, 1974, when the Act was amended by Congress. Now all domestic workers, including choreworkers, must be paid the minimum wage.

The seven chore worker plaintiffs, Eleanor Bonnette, Faye Pryor, Vickie Young, Joanne Cardone, Wai Jin Wong Fong. Thet Poy Chung and Elizabeth Tears, are suing the California Health and Welfare Agency and Mario Obledo, individually, and as secretary of the agency; the California Department of Health and Jerome Lackner, individually and as the department's director; California Department of Benefit Payments and Marion Woods, individually and as the agency's director; as well as directors of the San Francisco, Sacramento and Solano County welfare agencies and the agencies themselves.

-- 9 --

National Holiday for Dr. King?

(Washington, D.C.) - "Martin Luther King's life and death is really what this nation is all about," Congressman John Conyers, Jr., said recently. His remarks came while urging Congress to commemorate the slain civil rights leader's birthday, January 15, as a national holiday.

Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder (Colo.) said in the discussion that similar legislation to commemorate Dr. King's birth has been introduced every year since his assassination in 1968, but this was the first time formal hearings have been held.

-- 9 --

DELLUMS' CORNER: Blasts H.E.W. For College Job Bias

(Washington, D.C.) - Congressman Ronald V. Dellums has charged the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) with racism because it has willfully failed to enforce equal employment opportunity requirements in universities and colleges.

In a recent statement Dellums reveals that he received a report on the General Accounting Office's (GAO) year and a half investigation of the Contract Compliance Affirmative Action enforcement effort of HEW.

"The GAO investigation confirmed my initial belief that the Office of Civil Rights of HEW is not meeting the intent of Congress …" says Dellums, in effect, not enforcing equal employment opportunity.

Specifically, GAO found that HEW has made minimum progress in making sure that colleges and universities meet civil rights requirements. HEW has regularly failed to take the required proper enforcement action against these institutions.

"The refusal of HEW to act is compounded by the Department of Labor's administrative negligence and is symptomatic of policy at the highest level of government to stop civil rights equal employment enforcement." stated the California congressman.

Because of his belief that HEW and the Department of Labor are unable and unwilling to meet their equal employment responsibilities. Dellums has made clear his intention to introduce legislation on this matter.

-- 10 --

ATTICA BROTHER JOMO OMOWALE STARTS FRAME-UP TRIAL

(Buffalo, N.Y.) - In the latest development of the state-directed Attica massacre trials, Brother Jomo Joka Omowale began proceedings here on September 15, 1975, on charges of kidnapping and murder.

Brother Jomo was one of the five men charged with taking two White inmates, Barry Schwartz and Kenneth Hess, out of Attica's D-yard during the 1971 rebellion and bringing them to D-block where they were found dead several days later.

Brother Jomo is charged with the murder of Hess, whom the prosecution contends was stabbed to death by another inmate, "Crazy Mickey" Privitiera, at the direction of Brother Jomo. Privitiera, who was serving a life sentence at Attica for the murder of a Buffalo policeman, was one of the 43 people who died in the 1971 massacre.

FREE JOMO

In a press release issued by the Attica Bond to Free Jomo Committee, a criticism was made of the Attica Now/ Attica Brothers Trial Office. Attica Bond maintains: "Although at least $10,000 per month is raised in the name of the Attica Brothers, the organization which has taken control of those funds (Attica Now/ Attica Brother Trial Office) has refused to give Jomo money necessary for presenting an adequate defense because he doesn't support them and their unexplained `principles.'

"They do, however, freely admit to squandering over $2,000 per month to pay the `salaries' of so-called struggling defense workers who are living off the struggle and blood of brothers like Jomo, who are in prison, and aren't getting a dime."

In pointing out the economic facts of life, Attica Bond, using the JoAnne Little case as an example, says. "It should also be noted that a defense against murder charges requires enormous resources in any case. The acquittal of JoAnne Little cost the defense $200,000. Jomo's defense, during the years that he has been awaiting trial, has raised about one per cent (1%) of that amount."

In the trial itself, Judge Ann Mikoll (Buffalo's only woman supreme court justice) will replace the scheduled trial judge, Judge Mattina. Mattina had conducted the pretrial hearings in the case and presided over the murder-kidnap trial of Brother Jomo's former co-defendant Shango (Bernard Stroble).

Shango was recently tried on virtually identical charges and acquitted by the jury after Judge Mattina had thrown out the felony murder and kidnapping counts, having determined that as a matter of law and fact, no kidnapping had occured.

The frame-up "case" against Brother Jomo is based entirely on witnesses who have already testified against Shango and whose testimony was totally rejected by at least one jury.

In fact, the story each witness tells is contradicted in major part by at least three other prosecution witnesses. Only five prosecution witnesses, all inmates or former inmates, have identified Brother Jomo as having had anything to do with Hess or Schwartz at any time.

The only witness who even suggests that Brother Jomo had anything to do with the death of Hess is Willie Lock. Lock is a lifer who was given immunity from a prosecution that surely would have been directed against him had he not been urged to point his finger at another prisoner the state was more anxious to indict.

Since giving his testimony at the pretrial hearing. Lock has been held in the low-security, preferred prison at Albion, and is in line for an early release, a typical "snitch" pay-off. Lock's fabricated story is that brother Jomo gave "Crazy Mickey" a knife with which he stabbed Hess to death at Brother Jomo's suggestion.

-- 10 --

ON THE BLOCK

What Should Be Done About Crime In Oakland?

ASKED ALONG 85TH AVENUE IN EAST OAKLAND.

Pat Edwards
930 85th Ave.
Unemployed

They could get more jobs for people. They could be working instead of around here fighting arguing.

John Crawford
1217 85th Ave.
General Motors

I think if they had a Community Watch, where everybody watched each other's house and things like that, they could keep the thing intact.

Gail Huntely
1213 85th Ave.
Licensed Vocational
Nurse

If they eliminate the drug problem, most of the crimes of Blacks against Blacks would be eliminated. And the police response is very poor around here. They have a negative attitude. And when you do get ripped off, the police have no interest in it, and even act like the merchandise that was ripped off was hot. I feel they have stereotyped this whole neighborhood. They feel that all of us are either criminals or we're sitting on welfare. There are a whole bunch of us that are hard working people here and pay taxes.

Georgann Edwards
930 85th Ave.
Unemployed

I really don't know, People are going to do it regardless, but, well, if they did have more jobs I think there would be less crime because people wouldn't be off stealing this and that. And, you know, people should go to school, do something that will keep their minds occupied.

Evelyn Woodward
1111 85th Ave.
Housewife

The main problem we're having up here is the dope, you know, and when you have a problem, the police are not around when they need be. Like there was a lady over here that hurt herself. She fell and by the time the ambulance got there she was dead. I called the police on time like about 7:00 o'clock and they didn't get here until 8:30 and then the man told me it wasn't his beat.

Edgar Allen
1047 85th Ave.
Worker

More activities for youth. More sports, like awhile back they were talking about cutting out sports in the schools and I think that's wrong entirely. For youth and the older generation too. I think that as long as you keep people occupied, they can't get into no trouble.

-- 11 --

DEATH OF FEDERAL INMATE BLAMED ON NEGLIGENCE AND RACISM

(Terre Haute, Ind.) - Four prisoners have died since January in the hospital within the United States penitentiary located here. Each man was the victim of incompetent medical personnel, faulty equipment, neglect or racism, states a release from the Terre Haute Support Group sent to THE BLACK PANTHER

Yusuf (Joe Jones, aka Roscoe Simmons), a 30-year-old Black man from Chicago, died in the prison hospital on August 14. From the time Yusuf was admitted to the prison hospital until the time he died, a period of approximately eight hours, he had not been seen by a doctor.

Bill Walters, a medical training assistant at the prison, had been called to Yusuf's side by a prisoner nurse an hour or so before he died. Walters only looked at Yusuf for a few seconds and then left to dispense medication to other patients on the floor.

PATIENT

The fact that Yusuf was an intensive care patient experiencing breathing difficulties had no immediate impact on Walters. The prisoner nurse and a prisoner patient tried to comfort Yusuf after Walters left.

"Finally," reads a press release written by prisoners at Terre Haute, "Walters comes with the respirator, which was broken. Hospital workers, Junior and others, had told Walters two weeks earlier that the respirator was broken and Walters had said they would have the damned thing fixed."

At this point the IV (intravenous) machine hooked up to Yusuf had broken, filling a tube with backed up blood. Shortly after the tube filled with blood and after he saw the respirator wasn't working, Walters administered a shot of thorazine to Yusuf. Within 20 minutes after the shot was administered, Yusuf died.

After Yusuf's pulse stopped, Walters made a last attempt to "save" him by giving him a shot of adrenalin. Moreover, an emergency cart was brought up to the intensive care unit in hopes of reviving Yusuf with an electric jolt. However, when the cart appeared it turned out that Walters didn't know how to operate it.

Yusuf, a rising Sunni Muslim minister, was gaining respect around Terre Haute, and his relatives have not ruled out the possibility of premeditated murder on the part of prison officials.

In this case, as in the case of William Lowe, the first prisoner-victim to die in January, the prisoner was not moved to a hospital in the community where adequate medical care could have been provided.

Though Yusuf died from an asthma condition and Lowe from pneumonia, each died when equipment in the hospital failed to function; and each was administered a shot of barbituates at a time when their physical condition was deteriorating, when it was imperative that they stay awake and struggle for their lives.

C.L. Benson, the warden at Terre Haute during all four

-- 20 --
hospital tragedies, has attempted to suppress the facts around all of the deaths. However, the William Lowe Movement, a group of prisoners that emerged from a January work stoppage protesting Lowe's death, was responsible for having the office of the Surgeon General of the United States investigate the hospital facilities and the circumstances around Lowe's death. As a result, both the doctor and the hospital administrator "resigned."

The Terre Haute Support Group has formed to uncover the facts around Yusuf's death. We urge people to write letters of protest to the following people; the Surgeon General of the United States, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C.: Norman Carlson, Director, U.S. Bureau of Prisons, 101 Indiana Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C.: and C.L. Benson, Warden, Box 33, Terre Haute, Indiana 47808.

Also, letters should be sent to Congressman Robert Kastenmeier, chairman, Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and Administration of Justice, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. 20515, requesting a full-scale investigation into Terre Haute's medical facilities and the circumstances around Yusuf's death.

-- 11 --

Black Labor Department Employees Charge Discrimination In Atlanta

(Washington, D.C.) - Black employees of the Atlanta regional office of the U.S. Department of Labor have charged in a recent formal complaint here that the Atlanta agency has discriminated against Blacks, and especially Black women, reports The New York Times.

The 19-page complaint uses the Labor Department's own statistics to show that the eight-state Atlanta region employs fewer Blacks in 1975 than it did five years ago.

COMPLAINT

The complaint says: "In comparing the status of Blacks in January, 1975, to the status of Blacks as of March, 1971, it was found that Region 4 had not made any significant progress in providing equal employment opportunity to Blacks. To the contrary, there were many instances where regressions were noted."

According to March, 1971, figures, 72.5% of all employees in the Atlanta region were professionals. Of the Whites, 73.4% were professionals, while of Blacks 64.1% were professionals.

Last January, 66.4% of all employees were professionals; 70% of Whites were professionals, and 46.7% of Blacks were professionals.

Black women constituted 78.1% of all employees in the low-paying nonprofessional class in 1971; in 1975 they rose to 86.7% of that.

Blacks made up 8.2% of the regional work force in 1971, including 7.2% of the employees in grades 13 and above and 22.5% of employees in the lowest four grades. In January, 1975, Blacks rose to 15.7% of the regional work force, but only 5.4% were in grades 13 and above while 32.7% were in the first four grades.

The complaint says that the disparity between White and Black employees arises largely from a system that discriminates.

Much of the hiring was done out of agencies that traditionally have excluded Blacks in the South, including the Georgia State Employment Security Agencies, the complaint says.

It said, "Whites are hired into higher grades than Blacks who have equivalent or higher educational qualifications and are promoted before Blacks who have more experience (and time on the job) with the Labor Department."

In addition, the department tends not to advertise jobs that would afford promotional opportunities for minority employees, the complaint said.

-- 11 --

Rev. Bobby Hardwick Wins Battle In Struggle For Constitutional Rights

(Jackson, Ga.) - Rev. Bobby Hardwick, a Black man confined in Reidsville federal prison who has waged a constant struggle against racist prison officials and policies for his Constitutional rights, recently won a major victory in the U.S. District Court of Appeals, Fifth District.

Brother Hardwick filed suit in 1973 against racist Reidsville prison officials who would not allow him to receive copies of THE BLACK PANTHER newspaper. These same officials refused to allow him to correspond with a White woman friend because he is Black.

THE BLACK PANTHER has kept in close contact with Brother Hardwick, publicizing his case whenever possible. His original anti-seizure suit was dismissed, allegedly "without prejudice," pending a change of heart by state administrative officials.

Hardwick appealed this decision and scored a major victory as the U.S. federal court ruled that he is not obliged to "exhaust administrative remedies" because his case is a civil rights matter which challenges the conditions of his confinement.

Bobby Hardwick is now entitled to a reopening of his case because of this decison. U.S. District Court Judge Frank A. Hooper, Jr., violated Hardwick's Constitutional and civil rights when he dismissed the original suit filed in 1973.

Bobby Hardwick considers this new decision a "people's victory" and has vowed to continue this aspect of his determined fight against what he calls the "innate racism that prevails in the prison system of this racist country."

-- 12 --

RETRIAL ORDERED 10 YEARS AFTER POLICE BEATING “CONFESSION”

(New York, N.Y) - After almost 10 years in prison, a Bronx man, Arthur Barber, was ordered released or retried within 60 days on an appeal of his murder conviction upheld by a federal judge here last week.

Judge Constance Baker Motley granted Barber the appeal on the grounds that the police obtained his confession with severe beatings and "a pattern of lawlessness which shocks the conscience."

According to a report in The New York Times, Barber, who was accused of murdering Elizah Williams, a neighborhood numbers runner, in 1965, petitioned the federal court for his release, contending that the police had violated his Constitutional rights by coercing him to confess.

In her 20-page decision Judge Motley ruled that the police actions had been "so offensive as to constitute violations of Barber's Constitutional right of due process."

Judge Motley declared that the police had seized Barber on December 19, 1965, without probable cause for legal arrest, questioned him for an extended period before arraignment, refused to allow him to call a lawyer, failed to advise him of his right to remain silent and searched an apartment for the murder gun without a warrant -- in addition to brutally beating Barber.

The judge said that she would stay her order for the release of Barber, however, if the state authorities filed a prompt appeal of her decision.

Spokesmen for the state attorney general, the Bronx District Attorney and the city police department said that they could not comment on the decision because they had not yet received it.

The judge said that the police had denied beating Barber, but that the "brutal treatment" was supported by medical reports, court documents and witnesses.

"All of the evidence obtained by the police as a result of their misconduct," Judge Motley concluded, are "fruits of the poisonous tree and should not have been admitted at Barber's trial."

-- 13 --

REVOLUTIONARY SUICIDE

"Choosing"

By Huey P. Newton

Huey P. Newton's description of one of the most crucial periods in his life -- his adolescence -- continues in this portion of "Choosing," from Revolutionary Suicide, the political autobiography of the well-respected leader and chief theoretician of the Black Panther Party. He focuses on the "insane reversal of values" in the Black community and the serious disorientation it causes among Black youth. In reaction to this, Black youth seek protection, Huey says, in the form of open defiance to all authority. In cruel, racist America, this is usually the only weapon young Black people can rely on.

PART 17

My fear of being hounded by debt led me down Sonny Man's road for a while. When I saw how much he was respected on the block, I began to spend most of my time there, at first in the little gangs we had in school, and at parties, but later in the pool hall and bars. For a long time I was attracted to this way of life, until I discovered it was not what it seemed. That came later.

Even though I was attempting to be like Sonny Man, I nonetheless admired Melvin and his educational achievements. Both avenues seemed to offer a way, but I could not know which road was best.

I had seen Blacks take the education road and get nowhere. Many of them returned to the block, scorning their years in school, and cursing the White man for holding them back. Other Blacks had apparently made it on the block but ended up broken men, in prison or dead. There was no clear pattern to follow, it was hard to know what to do.

This dilemma faces almost all young Black men struggling to achieve a sense of identity in a society that denies them their basic rights. The Black teenager, in his most impressionable and vulnerable years, looks around and sees a contradiction between society's expressed values and reality -- the way things actually are.

THE GOOD LIFE

The "Sonny Men" of the community who defy authority and "break the law" seem to enjoy the good life and have everything in the way of material possessions.

On the other hand, people who work hard and struggle and suffer much are the victims of greed and indifference, losers. This insane reversal of values presses heavily on the Black community. The causes originate from outside and are imposed by a system that ruthlessly seeks its own rewards, no matter what the cost in wrecked human lives.

This can be profoundly disorienting to a teenager trying to understand and define himself. Like adolescents everywhere, he wants an image to model himself after, and he becomes confused because there is such disparity between what he is taught and what he sees.

Most adolescents in Black communities expect no justice from school authorities or the police. The painful reality of their lives from childhood on reveals that the inequities they encounter are not confined to a few institutions. The effects of injustice and discrimination can be seen in the lives of nearly everyone around them.

A brutal system permeates every aspect of life; it is in the air they breathe.

In attempting to cope, the teenager seeks some kind of protection for himself in order to survive, some way of dealing with the contradictions that surround him. This usually takes the form of resistance to all authority. For many adolescents it is the only weapon they have.

OUTSIDE THE HOME

Most of the time, their rebellion is directed against authority outside the home; but if there is no strong family support, it can disrupt their relationships at home. Even the closest families crumble because outside pressures are so relentless.

To a certain extent this was true for me when I was in junior high school. My rebellion was minor and never became a serious problem, though it caused friction for a while. Looking back, I see that it was a reflection of the confusion and sense of fragmentation I was going through, part of the process of finding out who I was. It was also the beginning of my independence.

Everyone in our home shared the household chores. Mine were the usual ones: taking out the garbage and, after my sisters left home, washing the dishes and cleaning the stove. I also had to trim the hedges around the house. My father supervised the outside, while my mother's domain was inside the house.

I hated chores and always tried to escape them, pedaling away on my bike and leaving everything to Melvin. I often stayed away from home until late at night, even though I knew my parents would punish me when I returned. Sometimes I made up fancy stories to tell them, but nothing could save me from punishment. I preferred my mother's whippings -- she was more gentle -- but most of the time my father did it.

Another responsibility I failed to carry out was a paper route I had for a time. I spent all the money I collected and could not pay the bill. When the people who had paid money did not receive their papers, I had to give it up.

This kind of resistance was due in large part to the need to assert myself as a separate person, apart from my parents. I was beginning to want to make my own decisions. Often this independence took the form of avoiding responsibilities; at other times it was more constructive.

Ever since I remember, I have hated to see anyone do without the things he needs. This attitude probably came from my father's influence and the ideas he expressed in church.

NO FOOD

Once, when I was about fifteen, I met a kid who had no food at home. This was one of those nights when I was staying out late, and I brought him home and woke up my parents rummaging through the kitchen cabinets. When I told them the boy and his family needed food and that we could share ours, they did not object, although they were angry about my staying out late.

Another time, when Melvin was going to San Jose State College, he needed a car but had no money. I had a small savings account, about $300, and I gave him all of it. My parents teased me about giving away all my money, but at bottom, they were proud of this example of family closeness.

Other times, though, I showed my sense of closeness in ways they did not approve of. Whenever my sister Myrtle got stranded at a party or somewhere else, she always called and asked my to pick her up. I would wait until my parents were asleep and then swipe the car keys. I did this every time she asked me, and every time I got into trouble for taking the car because I was not old enough to drive.

TO BE CONTINUED

-- 14 --

FOREIGN INVESTORS SEEK INROADS WITH WARRING ANGOLAN LIBERATION MOVEMENTS

The central issue in the Angolan civil strife is control of this Portuguese colony's enormous natural wealth. Angola is slated for independence this coming November 11, 1975, and imperialists interests are determined to undermine, and if they can prevent, true African-led independence, including African control over Angola's rich natural resources. The following article, a Pacific News Service feature, reveals some of the reasons and some of the ways this is being done. Rick Jurgens, former co-editor of Pacific Basin Reports, regularly monitors the activities of multinationals and the flow of raw materials for Pacific News Service.

While thousands of Whites flee Angola's civil war, foreign investors are seeking alliances and weaving ties with the three warring liberation movements. These link-ups may well affect the future of Angola as much as which faction wins the war.

Angola -- fabulously rich in natural resources -- has long been the domain of foreign companies.

In the early 1960s, Portugal began selling concessions in Angola -- until then a private domain for Portuguese interests -- to foreign corporations to pay for its colonial wars. The result: These investors built up huge stakes in Angola while Angolans themselves continued to suffer one of the poorest living standards in the world.

Today, Gulf Oil's concession in Angola's oil-rich enclave Cabinda -- for which it paid less than $1 million -- produces $500 million dollars worth of oil per year: Espiritu Santo, a Portuguese holding company backed by the Rockefeller-controlled Chase Manhattan Bank, operates the world's largest coffee plantation; a consortium of South African, Belgian, Portuguese and American interests control 40 rich diamond mines; Krupp of West Germany mines vast quantities of iron ore; Portuguese and South African companies exploit cheap hydroelectric power; and the British own the Benguela railroad, a vital outlet for the giant copper mines of Zambia and Zaire.

Meanwhile, some six to eight million Angolans -- descendants of survivors of massive slave hunts in previous centuries that transplanted three million Angolans to coffee plantations in Brazil -- live as subsistence farmers burning off one plot of land to raise a seasonal crop, moving on to another after harvest. Others, forced off the land by heavy Portuguese taxes, work as contract laborers in the plantations and mines.

LIBERATION MOVEMENTS

The liberation movements these conditions produced -- the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) -- for all their political and tribal differences, share one common goal: lifting the population into today's world by modernizing agriculture, building hospitals, schools and roads.

Ironically, like their Portuguese predecessors, they need the foreign companies to tap

-- 15 --
the great resources at their fingertips -- to keep the revenues for nation-building flowing in.

Thus, no group has directly threatened the companies with expropriation. MPLA, which controls the coastal areas and major cities and is the best known and most progressive of the three, has even assured Gulf tacitly that it can continue its oil operations in Cabinda. MPLA also has recently tempered statements on the need to nationalize vital industries and resources, acknowledging that hasty moves in that direction could be economically disastrous.

FNLA leader Holden Roberto, while receiving support from Zaire still makes no secret of his belief in the free enterprise system.

Faced with a highly volatile situation in which all three factions are receiving help from foreign powers, most foreign investors are reluctant to adopt a wait-and-see posture. In various ways they are involving themselves in the conflict, hoping to ensure the most favorable conditions for their investments, while preventing other foreign interests from gaining an inside track and squeezing them out.

THREE FACTIONS

All three factions, for instance, assert Gulf has provided direct and indirect support to separatist movements within oil-rich Cabinda. Cut off from the rest of Angola by a tiny strip of Zaire that runs to the sea, Cabinda's separatists serve as an ominous reminder to Angolans that this enclave could be lost should their future policies prove unacceptable to Gulf…

Over the past year, Gulf has also signed major scientific and technical agreements with the USSR -- the chief backer of the MPLA. As business ties between Gulf and the Soviets grow, Gulf may be hoping the Soviets will act as an additional constraint on MPLA in its dealing with them. Only FNLA and UNITA are receiving economic help from foreign investors.

The large mining and plantation interests in northern Angola are backing FNLA -- the group most identified with the tribes in that area. FNLA was born among the Kikongo-speaking refugees who fled from Angola to Zaire in the late 1950s as the Portuguese cleared huge tracts of land from coffee plantations. Its first foreign support came from funds from refugee relief sources -- the New York-based American Committee on Africa, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions and the World Council of Churches.

But now, the Diamang Company, which enjoys a near-monopoly over Angolan diamond production, has donated a military camp to the FNLA: and Santo Dinis Company, a major coffee producer, has contributed a hospital and office facilities.

In Angola's east and south -- site of Krupp's huge iron mines -- UNITA, is negotiating with Konrad Adenauer Foundation of West Germany's Christian Democratic Party for aid. Lonrho, a large British mining company also active in the region, has donated a private jet to UNITA's leader Jonas Savimbi.

Small and innocuous as these gestures are, they reflect a deep jockeying for position on the part of vase economic interests in Angola, even as rival national liberation movements fight for political and military hegemony.

-- 14 --

FRELIMO Attacks Capitalism In Mozambique

No Honeymoon For The Exploiters By Ole Gjerstad

The following is the conclusion of an article on recent developments in the Mozambican revolution written by Ole Gjerstad, a member of the Liberation Support Movement (LSM), who has spent extensive time in Mozambique since its formal independence from Portugal on June 25 of this year.

CONCLUSION

There is little doubt the government's recent move will cause the departure of people whose technical skills and knowledge Mozambique badly needs. In this sense the country faces the same general dilemma as others looking for a way out of the quagmire of dependency and underdevelopment: either preserve colonial and neocolonial structures to retain foreign aid and expertise, or tear down the structures of exploitation and face economic sabotage by imperialist forces. The former option implies the continuation of foreign control and local misery, the latter a great deal of hardship, austerity and, most likely, becoming the target of the well known Chile type "destabilization" campaigns.

Given FRELIMO's commitment to socialism and the extreme underdevelopment of Mozambique, their choice is clear. With less than one hundred doctors for a population of eight million, with lawyers' fees beyond the annual income of most peasant families … who benefits? "Un punhado de gente," Samora (Machel, leader of FRELIMO and president of the People's Republic of Mozambique) said, "a handful of people."

With this step FRELIMO has shown its determination to "put politics in command." It has made known that it very much wants skilled workers and professionals to stay but is not prepared to make major political concessions, even if their departure may cause serious problems.

"We know there will be sabotage," continued the president, "and we are prepared to face a crisis. To those who want to leave we say: the door is open -- out of Mozambique! Go to South Africa, go wherever you like… Mozambique has no room for exploiters."

The Cabinet's declaration takes the theme still further: "We do not worry because our cadres are not fully prepared technically. Technical knowledge is secondary to political line and class consciousness. The highly qualified technicians of colonialism and capitalism did nothing to help our people because they served … the exploiting classes."

The full effect of the recent measures is by no means clear. However, the abolition of land rent will immediately ease the burden on those tens of thousands of semi-proletarianized families who live on land expropriated by European planters or big companies. In the president's words:

"It is the people who work the land, therefore the land belongs to the people…. The land is liberated by the people, thus the people must control the land." With other land reforms still to come, this move will help

-- 15 --
propel the development of agriculture, the basis of the Mozambican economy for the foreseeable future.

The other nationalizations aim to remove the profit motive from legal, medical and educational practice, to eliminate corruption and privilege. In the private schools, for example, teachers used to deliberately mystify their lessons so as to set up as tutors and make money on the side. Now schools must serve the cause of the people and the unity of the nation.

The president spoke from personal experience when he assailed the missionaries for collaborating with colonialism in their divisive and paternalistic attitude toward Africans: "A (Mozambican) Catholic is above all a Catholic; his head is in the Vatican, his body in Mozambique … Who will think for you, Mozambican …? Don't you have a mind? Why didn't these churches make Mozambicans?"

As an extension of the fully state-controlled educational system, according to the Cabinet communique, a national service will be instituted where "all citizens, without distinction, will receive political-military training …guranteeing the popular character of the armed forces by direct participation in production (and) in close contact with the masses."

These are some of the first major steps toward creating a new type of Mozambican man and woman, toward reconquering Mozambican culture and personality, for so long buried by the oppressive weight of colonialism. As a banner stretched across the entrance of a Lourenco Marques school proclaims: "Make the Schools a Base for the People to Seize Power."

This is the spirit which prevails within FRELIMO and among its growing number of supporters, including a small but significant minority of White Mozambicans; on this basis they are mobilizing the people to transform plans into realities. True, outside assistance is needed -- the figure of $400 million has been mentioned as a minimum to get the country on its feet -- and this may well pose considerable problems for the government in the near future.

Above all else, however, comes hard work. "There are no miracles when it comes to developing our country," the president stressed. In order to pay for the new schools and hospitals "it is necessary that the Mozambican people work hard. It is Man who will build our country. Man is our strength."

Hard work and austerity, vigilance and national unity -- four closely related factors essential to Mozambique's future. Together they form the basis for consolidating and building on the gains of the liberation struggle while facing the external pressures and provocations that this new revolutionary state is bound to be subjected to.

-- 16 --

THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY PROGRAM: MARCH 29, 1972 PLATFORM

WHAT WE WANT, WHAT WE BELIEVE

1. WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.

We believe that Black and oppressed people will not be free until we are able to determine our destinies in our own communities ourselves, by fully controlling all the institutions which exist in our communities.

2. WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE.

We believe that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every person employment or a guaranteed income. We believe that if the American businessmen will not give full employment, then the technology and means of production should be taken from the businessmen and placed in the community so that the people of the community can organize and employ all of its people and give a high standard of living.

3. WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALIST OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.

We believe that this racist government has robbed us and now we are demanding the overdue debt of forty acres and two mules. Forty acres and two mules were promised 100 years ago as restitution for slave labor and mass murder of Black people. We will accept the payment in currency which will be distributed to our many communities. The American racist has taken part in the slaughter of over fifty million Black people. Therefore, we feel this is a modest demand that we make.

4. WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS.

We believe that if the landlords will not give decent housing to our Black and oppressed communities, then the housing and the land should be made into cooperatives so that the people in our communities, with government aid, can build and make decent housing for the people.

5. WE WANT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.

We believe in an educational system that will give to our people a knowledge of self. If you do not have knowledge of yourself and your position in the society and the world, then you will have little chance to know anything else.

6. WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE.

We believe that the government must provide, free of charge, for the people, health facilities which will not only treat our illnesses, most of which have come about as a result of our oppression, but which will also develop preventative medical programs to guarantee our future survival. We believe that mass health education and research programs must be developed to give all Black and oppressed people access to advanced scientific and medical information, so we may provide ourselves with proper medical attention and care.

7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE, OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, ALL OPPRESSED PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES.

We believe that the racist and fascist government of the United States uses its domestic enforcement agencies to carry out its program of oppression against Black people, other people of color and poor people inside the United States. We believe it is our right, therefore, to defend ourselves against such armed forces and that all Black and oppressed people should be armed for self-defense of our homes and communities against these fascist police forces.

8. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS OF AGGRESSION.

We believe that the various conflicts which exist around the world stem directly from the aggressive desires of the U.S. ruling circle and government to force its domination upon the oppressed people of the world. We believe that if the U.S. government or its lackeys do not cease these aggressive wars that it is the right of the people to defend themselves by any means necessary against their aggressors.

9. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND POOR OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR ALL PERSONS CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY.

We believe that the many Black and poor oppressed people now held in U.S. prisons and jails have not received fair and impartial trials under a racist and fascist judicial system and should be free from incarceration. We believe in the ultimate elimination of all wretched, inhuman penal institutions, because the masses of men and women imprisoned inside the United States or by the U.S. military are the victims of oppressive conditions which are the real cause of their imprisonment. We believe that when persons are brought to trial that they must be guaranteed, by the United States, juries of their peers, attorneys of their choice and freedom from imprisonment while awaiting trials.

10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever, any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.

-- 17 --

Intercommunal news: 2 Israeli Jets Shot Down Attacking Palestinian Camps

(Beirut, Lebanon) - Two Israeli planes were shot down while attacking Palestinian refugee camps in South Lebanon on September 2 and 3, according to a statement issued here by the military spokesman of the General Command of the Palestinian revolutionary forces.

The statement said that four Israeli Phantom jets supported by formation of six planes had carried out a 20-minute savage attack on the Palestinian Al Qasmiya and Al Burghliya camps and the surrounding areas in South Lebanon. Palestinian anti-aircraft forces repelled the enemy planes and succeeded in bringing down one of them, the statement said.

The statement further said that on September 2, Israeli planes raided the Abu Qamha and the Hasbaya Valley in southeast Lebanon. Palestinian ground forces returned fire and shot down one of the Israeli planes while the rest turned tail.

Meanwhile, Hsinhua reports that Palestinian commandos inflicted heavy manpower and material losses on the enemy in late August, quoting communiques issued by a Palestinian military spokesman.

Early on August 22, commando units shelled the city of Tiberias with heavy rockets. One of the enemy strategic spots was hit and set aflame. The next day, commando fighters shelled military targets in the town of Samakh with heavy rockets. Enemy ambulances were seen

-- 26 --
rushing to evacuate the dead and wounded, as fire engines tried to bring the fire under control.

On August 26, commando fighters blasted the main telephone cable in Jerusalem, cutting off communications in most parts of the city and between Jerusalem and neighboring cities.

On the night of August 31 guerrilla fighters launched rockets at the kibbutz of Dau in north Galilee. A number of enemy military buildings were hit and burst into flames.

At midnight the same day. Palestinian commandos repeatedly bombarded an enemy camp and the kibbutz north of the Hawla plateau, damaging a number of military buildings. Enemy helicopters and emergency cars were sent to carry the killed and wounded away.

-- 17 --

O.A.U. DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL: ACTIVE 3RD WORLD PARTICIPATION IN U.N. SPECIAL SESSION URGED

(Libreville, Gabon) - The Organization of African Unity's (OAU) deputy secretary general, Kamanda Wakamanda, has called for "active participation by all developing countries in discussions and in making international decisions" at the current Seventh Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly now meeting in New York City.

In a recent interview here with Gabonese television, conducted prior to the opening of the U.N. special session. Wakamanda said that the emergence of the developing world is a great force which must be taken into account.

"This irreversible change in the balance of forces in the contemporary world necessarily calls for an active, full and equitable participation by the developing countries not only in the formulation, but also in the implementation of all the decisions concerning the international community," Wakamanda said.

Commenting on the relationship between neocolonialism and the current world economic situation, Wakamanda noted:

"The vestiges of colonial domination and all forms of foreign occupation, racial discrimination, apartheid and neocolonialism are among the biggest obstacles in the way of full emancipation and progress of the peoples and the developing countries.

"The present international economic order is in direct contradiction with the development of the political and economic relations of the contemporary world. Since 1970, the world economic and financial crisis brought about by the developed countries have further impaired the developing countries by making them more vulnerable to external economic incursions," Wakamanda said.

Wakamanda strongly denounced certain big powers for pursuing a policy of subversion against those countries which refused to be subjected to their control or "protection." He said, "It is completely unacceptable that reprisals, economic retaliations, intimidation and blackmail in interstate relations were directed" against young countries.

He denounced the developed countries for not accepting the sovereign rights of all countries over their natural resources and their economic activities saying that the refusal to recognize these rights of the developing countries shows their dominating and egotistic mentality.

"No country in the world will accept economic, political or other coercion aimed at obstructing the free and complete exercise of this inalienable right," stressed Wakamanda.

Sihanouk In
Cambodia

(Phnom Penh, Cambodia) - After five and one-half years of forced exile in the People's Republic of China and North Korea. Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returned here on September 8 where he received a triumphal welcome.

-- 18 --

APARTHEID AND THE SOUTH AFRICAN WOMAN

U.N. REPORT DETAILS POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION

The following is the conclusion of a documented series on the complex web of fascist laws regulating the economic, political and social aspects of the lives of Black women in South Africa. The series has been reprinted from a special United Nations report submitted by the director-general of the International Labor Office to the 60th Session of the International Labor Conference held in June, 1975.

CONCLUSION

There are few other employment disabilities affecting South African women in general, such as the provision requiring a woman in the public service to resign from her post upon marriage, as well as traditional ideas of what constitutes "women's work," which exists in many other countries too.

The various problems affecting African women were drawn to the attention of the South African Parliament in a private member's motion submitted by Mrs. Suzman on February 18, 1975.

This motion recommended that the state president "appoint a commission of inquiry to examine the special disabilities affecting African women, with a view to eliminating them as soon as possible."

Summing up the social predicament in which African urban women find themselves, she pointed out:

"…as things stand, African women lose out both ways. They have lost the security afforded them by the old traditional tribal structure with its emphasis on the extended family. No one was left out of the extended family; there were no abandoned orphans or abandoned old people. They were all part of the extended family. They have lost out on that and at the same time they have been denied liberated status other women have acquired as a result of their inclusion in the modern industrial society South Africa has become over the last 30 years."

The minister of justice did not accept the recommendation to appoint a commission of inquiry.

A positive factor in an otherwise discouraging situation is to be found in the number of South African women, both White and Black, who have not been content with accepting the injustices to African women, but have campaigned actively to eliminate, and overcome the effects of such injustices. It can be hoped that the International Women's Year will in South Africa, as elsewhere in the world, stimulate greater awareness of the need to create a new society in which men and women of all races are fully equal partners.

The extent of the road which still lies ahead, and also the immense hopes which have been awakened, were eloquently stated in an address which Mrs. Sheena Duncan gave to a national conference of the world-affiliated Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in December, 1974:

"All this leaves one with a feeling of despair. There is so much to be done and so many crucial deprivations that one does not know where to begin. Legalized discrimination is the hardest to tackle. The Pass Laws are the cornerstone of the whole edifice of apartheid and any attack on them is an attack on the very foundations of our so-called traditional way of life.

"Discrimination which occurs as a result of custom and attitude may seem easier to change but in a society which is rooted and grounded in a false presumption that certain people are superior to others because of the color of their skins, this presumption is extended to an assumed superiority because of sex which becomes as deeply entrenched as if it were legislated for.

"But women are moving all over the world and are throwing off one restraint after another. I do believe that we can find a way through all this, that women do have the power to change our society. Here in South Africa it is impossible to separate the liberation of women from the liberation of all people. One day perhaps historians will say of us that it was the women who won freedom for all South Africans."

-- 18 --

Mozambican Teachers And Students Undergo Agricultural, Factory Training

(Lourenco Marques, Mozambique) - Some 1,600 students and teachers of Lourenco Marques University here recently went to the countryside or factories to take part in physical labor and social investigation, Hsinhua news agency reports.

Lourenco Marques University, the newly independent country's only university has nearly 2,000 students and teachers. Created in 1963 to serve the former Portuguese colonialist regime, the university then had an enrollment of African students which numbered only 2.5% of the total enrollment. When FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front) took over the transitional government of Mozambique in September, 1974, steps were immediately taken to eliminate colonial vestiges in the university and to increase African enrollment.

Towards this goal, 600 students and teachers were organized to work in the countryside while 1,000 others took part in industrial and municipal labor in Lourenco Marques.

Stressing the importance of this measure, Fernando Ganhao, president of the university and a member of FRELIMO, said that this was only the first attempt to repudiate the old colonial education system and to rid students and teachers of the old ideas left over by the Portuguese regime.

-- 18 --

AFRICA IN FOCUS

Rhodesia

The White minority regime of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) announced last week that every male citizen between the ages of 25 and 30 without a military service commitment will be called to serve with the Rhodesian army. In addition, all males between the ages of 25 and 30 without a military service commitment will be called to serve with the Rhodesian army. In addition, all males between the ages of 30 and 38 will be called up to serve either with the police or internal affairs ministry. The move is designed to increase the force of militarily trained personnel to combat increasing African guerrilla activity throughout the country.

Namibia

A special committee representing the 11 ethnic delegations attending a constitutional conference of Namibia (South West Africa) in the capital, Windhoek, has drawn up a document calling for Namibia to become independent as a "single entity." The document, setting guidelines and goals for the conference is being debated at the full 15-member assembly of this territory, now illegally being administered by South Africa. South Africa plans the creation of a federation made up of various tribal "homelands" for the territory, as a fake independence.

Niger

The head of state of the Republic of Niger, Lt. Col. Seyni Kountche, announced on his return to Niger from the OAU (Organization of African Unity) summit meeting in Kampala, Uganda, that an attempt to overthrow his government has been foiled. He accused his second-in-command, Major Sani Souna Sido, vice-president of the Supreme Military Council ruling body, as the chief plotter. He charged Djibo Bakari, leader of the banned Swaba Party, of complicity. Both men were arrested. Reports indicate that for several weeks there was a struggle for power between Kountche and Major Sani.

-- 19 --

NAVAL BASES REAL U.S. STAKE IN PORTUGAL'S AZORES

(San Francisco, Calif.) - The Portuguese-controlled Azores have become a key outpost in the intensifying struggle between the U.S. and the USSR for control of the seas.

As political strife rocks Portugal, Pentagon planners fear most not for the air bases on the Azores -- used in the 1973 U.S. airlift to Israel -- but for the naval bases there. These bases form a vital link in a billion-dollar network of submarine tracking stations that enable the U.S. to monitor Soviet missle-launching submarines in Atlantic waters.

Pentagon strategists regard the rapidly growing Soviet nuclear submarine fleet as the top military threat to the U.S. The Soviets now have 110 nuclear and 250 diesel subs cruising the ocean depths, some with missles capable of striking U.S. cities 1,800 miles away and others capable of destroying U.S. military and commercial vessels within a shorter range.

ARCHIPELAGO

The Azores -- a seven-island archipelago in the mid-Atlantic, 800 miles from Lisbon -- are strategically located to monitor any Soviet sub in the Atlantic or the Mediterranean within a 1,000-mile radius.

"There is nothing in the world which compares to the strategic importance…of the Azores and Iceland" (the other key U.S. base in the Atlantic), Navy Secretary J. William Middendorf told Congress last March.

Now with the sharp left turn in Lisbon, the leases of U.S. bases on the Azores Islands of Terceira and Santa Maria are being "re-negotiated." Should they be cancelled, the Pentagon would have a gaping hole in its tracking capabilities.

In addition to guarding against Soviet sub attacks on the U.S., the Azores tracking stations safeguard -- and control -- access to Western Europe's major sea links to the outside world: the main supertanker route linking the Persian Gulf via the Cape of Good Hope to European ports like Rotterdam -- vital for those crude oil carriers too big to use the Suez Canal -- and the 4,000 mile sea lane linking the U.S. 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean through the straits of Gibraltar to its main supply bases on the East Coast.

Without the Azores, Pentagon planners fear Soviet subs could, in the event of a war over Europe, cut off both links, strangling the flow of oil, food and supplies to Western Europe, as well as isolating the 6th Fleet.

Today, the Azores are crammed with the most sophisticated submarine tracking devices and anti-sub weapons in the world.

SURVEILLANCE DEVICES

Forming the core of this vast apparatus are a series of sonar surveillance devices called the Azores Fixed Acoustics Range, installed on the underwater slopes of the volcanically formed islands. The sonar devices pick up sound "signatures" of Soviet subs moving in and out of the Mediterranean and feed them into computers at the naval listening station at Ponto Delgarda, on Santa Maria Island.

On neighboring Terceira Island, land-based Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft form a second detection system. Carrying a wide variety of anti-sub weapons, the planes also regularly sow the seas with sonobuoys, tiny objects equipped with hydrophones that listen for signals from submerged subs, then relay them back by radio to the aircraft and computers on land. Once the sub's exact position is fixed, U.S. aircraft,

-- 26 --
destroyers or hunter killer subs can move in for the hit.

Terceira Island serves as an auxiliary base for the U.S. hunter-killer submarines stationed at Rota, Spain. These subs, designed to quietly stalk and sink their soviet counter-parts, are the single most important anti-submarine weapon in the U.S. arsenal.

Completing the Azores-centered undersea surveillance system are the carrier based SH-3 helicopters and S-3A anti-submarine aircraft that can range 600 miles ahead of a convoy or task force and sow sonobouy fields as they go.

Once a neglected slice of Portugal languishing in the Atlantic, the Azores today loom large in U.S. policy towards the Lisbon government and the growing separatist movement on the islands. But not for the reasons most people think.

As the major refueling stop for the giant C5A transports that flew supplies to Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur war, the Azores are actually no longer essential. The C5As could, if necessary, now fly directly to Israel by carrying more fuel and less cargo.

As a key Atlantic station for the Pentagon's massive submarine tracking system, on the other hand, the Azores are invaluable. It is the spectre of losing them as a link in this tracking network that now haunts Pentagon war rooms.

(THE BLACK PANTHER thanks Howard Dratch of Pacific News Service for the information printed in this article.)

-- 19 --

Diego Garcia Vital For U.S. Imperialist Plans In Middle East And Africa

(Washington, D.C.) - The U.S. Senate recently voted approval of the Pentagon's plans to enlarge a military base on Diego Garcia, a British-owned island in the middle of the Indian Ocean, Recon reports. The base will become a major communication and supply center for U.S. naval forces operating within the Indian Ocean.

The approval of the Pentagon's plan will put an end to a 10-year debate and means that $108 million of taxpayer' monies will be spent on the island. A 12,000-foot runway will be built with aviation fuel storage of 380,000 barrels. Storage space will be constructed for an additional 320,000 barrels of fuel oil for naval ships.

In addition to this, a complex communications defense center will be built, along with housing for 600 men and anchorage large enough to shelter an Aircraft Carrier Task Force (which consists of six ships).

An obvious question is why is the Pentagon spending so much money on this island, expanding its presence in the area, and overextending the Navy?

ARAB GULF

The primary reason is the location of Diego Garcia in relation to the area bounded by Arab Gulf and the Straits of Malacca to the north, and the tip of South Africa to the south.

Gen. George S. Brown, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told the Senate Armed Services Committee, "The energy needs of the industrialized Northern Hemisphere dictate a profound concern with access to these resources, particularly those of the Arab Gulf, which has more than 60 % of the world's proven reserves (of oil) …"

In this same statement, Gen. Brown also spoke of this base guaranteeing "access" to the rich mineral wealth of Africa as well as the Middle East in time of war or "political crisis."

Gen. Brown's statements are directly related to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's repeated threats against Arab nations who chose to use their oil resources as political weapons.

-- 24 --

Countries bordering the Indian Ocean have stated their explicit disapproval of the plans for Diego Garcia. In a 1974 State Department poll, 29 countries were asked if they would object to a U.S. base on Diego Garcia. Twelve countries were openly opposed, four countries took a neutral position and 13 did not even respond. No one backed the Pentagon, not even traditional U.S. allies, including Australia.

Australian Prime Minister Whitlam stated recently that no one welcomes the U.S. military build-up on Diego Garcia, saying that, "We don't want a proliferation of armaments in the Indian Ocean…"

-- 20 --

WORLD SCOPE

United Nations

The United States has submitted a 39-page "informal working paper" to the United Nations General Assembly's current economic session hinting at what are being called major American commitments for development assistance. The document, distributed to delegates from developing nations, emphasized proposals for allegedly narrowing the gap between rich and poor nations called for by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in his speech to the opening meeting of the 7th Special Session on September 1. The document -- and Kissinger's speech -- appears to be an abrupt shift in U.S. policy toward developing nations, a shift observers believe is meant to neutralize the growing threat that the unity of the Third World poses to the U.S.

Cambodia

A high official of the Cambodian government recently revealed that his government did not order the capture of the U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez last May 12, and first learned that Cambodian forces had seized the ship from an American radio broadcast heard in Phnom Penh, Cambodia's capitol. Ieng Sary, Cambodian deputy premier and foreign minister, speaking before peace group members in Washington, D.C., said that the leader of the local troops who seized the Mayaguez was ordered to release the ship but American forces began their attack to recover the ship before the orders could be carried out.

North Vietnam

The government of North Vietnam has announced plans to double its secondary education program for adults within the next two or three years. Nguyen Ngoc Chao, one of three North Vietnamese officials attending the recent International Symposium for Literacy held in Iran, said that there are an estimated 400,000 illiterates between the ages of 12 and 50 in the Saigon region and emphasized that "illiteracy must be eliminated immediately in South Vietnam."

-- 21 --

ENTERTAINMENT: The Too Cold Sounds Of The Stone House

The lights go out; a bit of shouting here and there, "you jive mother fucker," "Fuck you punk!"

"Your Mama!" Then, a little later you only hear light weight sounds. Later still quietness, only the sound of dripping water from the shower in the day room.

Then, all of a sudden, out of this stillness,

Somebody blows it, cries out Clara O Clara.

Go through the gate, Clara, that's right Clara.

Now come up the stairs, that's right Clara. Now go down the hall, that's it Clara." He says this and other things

about Clara. Just like he is talking to her over and over

until the bulls take him away still talking to Clara.

Too Cold.

Bro. Leonard
Oakland, Calif.

-- 21 --

Experience Of A Dope Fiend Hustler

I have walked in wind and rain

storm in the darkness of

night for miles to get fixed

I have been shot at by a Uncle

Tom pig in the still of

the night liberating goods, made

to lie down on my stomach

threatened, talked about in front

of white pigs.

I have been made so sick off stuff

that wasn't cut right

that my tongue turn black. I

threw up for days

I have walked up and robbed a

gas station with a broad

and had another driving the get

away car. Got seventeen

funky dollars

I have spent 6 1/2 months locked

down in a cell 6 feet by 6 feet
Bro. Leonard
Oakland, Calif.

-- 21 --

MOVIE REVIEW: “COOLEY HIGH”: BITTER BLACK NOSTALGIA

Currently in America the fad is "nostalgia," reminiscing on the "good ole days" of Dick Clark, sock hops and the "twist." The movie Cooley High might be termed "Black nostalgia" as it is set in the early 1960s in Cooley High School in Chicago's South-side. However, when Black people look back at the teen years, their remembrances are usually taunted with memories of oppression, busted dreams, violence and death.

Cooley High is a stark portrayal of Black adolescence that is vivid and real. Its characters are real, "Black and beautiful" in their humanity. This "Black and beautiful" is totally different, however, from the concept that might be portrayed in an ad in Ebony. The scene is the filthy Black ghetto of Chicago and the plot is basically about Black teenagers trying to survive at a critical stage in their lives.

Throughout the movie various aspects of Black urban life are portrayed. One scene deals with a pimp running a cold "Murphy" on a fat White businessman while another scene deals with a vicious gang fight at a movie theater, erupting right in the middle of the movie. To get to this movie, some of the young brothers had to con some prostitutes out of their money, posing as undercover police.

The main character in the movie is Preach (Leroy), played by Glynn Turman. Preach is bright and intelligent with a love for poetry but struggling to get with the street life and struggling to assume his manhood. At Cooley High he hangs with his clique who seem to be a fun-loving group of "jitterbugs" partying, chasing women and running the streets in search of some direction.

Preach's closest friend is Cochise (played by Lawrence Hilton Jones), a tall brother who has great potential in basketball and is the leader of the clique. Preach and Cochise take a joy ride in a stolen car with a couple of the "brothers," an hilarious incident but one which will later affect them very seriously.

Preach chases a very beautiful young sister named Brenda (Cynthia Davis). They fall in love and Preach makes love to Brenda who is a virgin. The love scene is the most beautiful scene in the movie. But Preach blows his relationship with Brenda, revealing he has made a bet with the "boys" that he would "get over."

Preach reaches a very low point as he, Cochise and the two other brothers are busted on stolen car charges. Preach and Cochise are let go while the brothers who stole the car are held, causing them to think they were snitched on. Eventually they are released and Cochise is brutally beaten to death. The movie ends with Cochise's funeral and Preach packing up to go to Hollywood to try to escape the horror of the ghetto.

As the movie ends, flashes are shown of what happens to the characters later on in their lives. Preach has become a successful screenwriter; Brenda is happily married; others have jobs or have joined the service; others will at an early age.

Cooley High reminds you of movie The Education of Carson or the book Manchild the Promised Land. But in all these films and books on the Black urban experience, son make it out of the misery of poverty while the majority are beaten down and crushed by the oppression.

-- 23 --

SPORTS: MARTIAL ARTS

KI:
Within
Us ALL

PART 2

This segment is a continuing investigation into the development of KI as a vital force that can and should be actualized in all of us.

First of all, the body radiates several forms of energy that can be easily measured by the instruments of Western science and technology. Each of us is surrounded by an aura of radiant heat; this heat may be perceived several inches from the skin by a sensitive hand, and from much greater distances by thermistor and heat sensors.

We are surrounded by what anthropologist Edward T. Hall terms an "olfactory bubble." Individuals of some cultures, notably the Arabs, feel uncomfortable when talking to someone they can't smell. There is also an electromagnetic field associated with the pulsing of the heart in and around the body. Highly sensitive instruments have measured this field at a distance of several feet.

Western science, thus far, has managed to measure only a few rudimentary features of the energy of KI. A trained awareness of KI in and around the body enables the individual to multiply each and every action that is willed consciously! The human individual, each of us, is a center of vibrancy, emanating waves of energy that remain untapped and contain more than 90% of our experiences. The physical body is but one aspect of a total force that can be focused and channeled into a single direction.

KI cannot be created inside of any individual. It can only be focused through an awareness of our own existing capacities. Basically, becoming aware of KI and harnessing it usefully is a process that involves balancing our emotions, pressures, natural movements of our bodies and growing increasingly sensitive to our natural abilities and the abilities of those around us.

-- 23 --

RUBIN “HURRICANE” CARTER INTERVIEWED BY PENTHOUSE: “AFTER THE HURRICANE, THERE IS NO MORE”

The tragic saga of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter -- from number one contender for the middleweight boxing title to political prisoner -- has deservedly drawn increased attention in recent months. The following series, reprinted from Penthouse magazine, of which Part 1 appears, provides an in-depth account of Brother Carter's struggle to achieve justice from a system that has stripped him of all things precious save two -- his dignity and a burning desire to be free.

"I come to you in the only manner left open to me. I've tried the courts, exhausted my life's earnings, and tortured my two loved ones with little grains and tidbits of hope that may never materialize. Now the only chance I have is in appealing directly to you, the people, and showing you the wrongs that have yet to be righted…the injustice that has been done to me. For the first time in my entire existence I'm saying that I need some help. Otherwise, there will be no tomorrow for me: no more freedom, no more injustice, no more State Prison; no more Mae Thelma, no more Theodora (wife and daughter), no more Rubin… no more Carter. Only the Hurricane.

"And after him, there is no more." -- From The Sixteenth Round by Rubin Carter (Viking Press)

PART 1

It's rare for the world heavy-weight boxing champion to dedicate a fight to another boxer, but it's even rarer when that boxer is a prisoner. Yet that's just what Muhammad Ali did on the May morning before his bout with Ron Lyle, when he told startled reporters in Las Vegas. "I'm dedicating this fight to Rubin Carter."

For those few boxing fans who hadn't heard of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, or didn't remember his furious devastation of opponents in the ring during Friday night fights in the sixties, Ali's decision to become co-chairman of the Hurricane Fund came as a surprising introduction to a man who has become a living symbol of courage and a cause celebre for fighters against injustice.

21 KNOCKOUTS

In 1966, Hurricane Carter was the number-one contender for the middleweight crown. With twenty-one knockouts under his belt and about to take on Dick Tiger for the title, Carter was near the peak of his career. And then, suddenly one night in June, shotgun blasts in a dingy Paterson, New Jersey, tavern shattered his hopes forever. There would be no title bout -- in fact, no more fights at all for Rubin Carter -- just years wasted behind bars.

Rubin Carter, known to the Paterson police for his civil rights activities, was swept up in the dragnet thrown over his hometown that night after the murder of three White patrons of the Lafayette Bar & Grill. The police had already chased and lost a white car similar to the one driven by the murderers fled the city, and many other white cars driven by Blacks were stopped and searched that night; but only one -- Rubin Carter's -- was brought to the scene crime to confront the lynch-mob hysteria of White neighbors and witnesses.

RELEASED

Even so, no one -- either witnesses or the only surviving victim -- identified Carter or his young companion in the car, John Artis, as the murderers. After seventeen hours of grilling by police and after Carter passed a lie-detector test, the two men were released.

Five months later, on October 14, 1966, Carter and Artis were arrested and charged with the murders. On the testimony of two White ex-convicts, Alfred Bello and Arthur Bradley, Carter and Artis were imprisoned, and in May, 1967, they were brought to trial.

There followed two weeks of courtroom drama packed with racial tension: Black defendants confronted a White judge, a White prosecutor waving the blood-soaked clothes of the White victims, and an all-White jury chosen from a community informed by a racially inflamed local press. The result was that both defendants received triple-life sentences, with Carter's set to run consecutively -- or in other words, forever.

But then, in September, 1974, the prosecution's key witnesses, Bello and Bradley, recanted their

-- 24 --
testimony. They explained that they had lied in exchange for rewards of $10,500 offered by the police and promises of leniency for robbery charges. "There's no doubt Carter was framed." Bradley admitted to The New York Times.

So seven years have been cut out of Rubin Carter's life. He has spent those years studying every lawbook he could lay his hands on, attempting to nurse the emotional wounds of his wife and daughter, struggling for prison reform at Rahway State Prison, and using his boxing ability to ward off sadistic guards and homosexual assailants. It seemed -- at last -- in the early fall of 1974 that his longest and most difficult fight of his life was nearly over.

Using the recantations of Bello and Bradley, lawyers from the State Public Defender's Office asked for a new trial in a hearing before Samuel Larner, the same judge who had originally sentenced Carter and Artis to life while expressing his full agreement with the jury's verdict of guilty.

But Judge Larner denied Carter's right to a new trial, allegedly to "preserve our jury system," and Carter is now awaiting the outcome of an appeal that may take years before it even reaches the federal courts. Only there, beyond the power of the New Jersey political machine, Hurricane Carter told Penthouse interviewer Gerard Colby Zilg, does he expect any chance of "a fair shake."

Recently, in late May, Judge Larner refused to free Carter and Artis on bail while they appeal. He described the bail application as "frivolous."

DENIED JUSTICE

Why has Rubin Carter been denied justice in New Jersey? The answers given here in this exclusive Penthouse interview reveal for the first time the politics behind Carter's case. These include a two-year history (from 1964 to 1966) of constant harassment by the FBI and a nationwide police campaign to "get" Carter because of his civil rights activities and his outspoken support of self-defense against police brutality.

They also include Carter's fight against the boxing establishment; his association with Martin Luther King and the Rev. C. L. Franklin: the role of New Jersey's present governor, Brendan Byrne, in the original trial and imprisonment of Carter: and the real reason Judge Larner was able to turn down Carter's appeal for a new trial.

To obtain this interview, Zilg traveled to Trenton State Prison, which he describes as "a decaying monument to 126 years of collective misery," and talked with Carter for six hours.

"He was smaller in size than his name had led me to expect," Zilg says, "but Rubin Carter has a dynamism and strength of character that immediately fills any room. He sports the same Fu Manchu beard and shaven black head that intrigued me on TV years before, but the fierce image I had of him faded before the genuine warmth of his greeting and his broad, generous smile.

"The buoyancy in his step and his youthful optimism almost make you forget all that this 38-year-old man has been through. He speaks in a low cadence dramatized by gestures, and only the unseeing gray cloud of his right eye reveals the hidden pain behind the gold-framed glasses. His meticulous attire -- clean khaki slacks, an immaculate white turtleneck shirt, and a black turban adorned with a pearl pin -- clearly testifies to his determination to preserve identity and self-respect in the face of the conformity of prison life."

TO BE CONTINUED

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Letters to the Editor

SUPPORT DARRYL KING

Dear Brothers:

Please copy the letter enclosed (see letter below) and circulate. Also I need advise in running my defense committee, so any advice or help you can offer would be greatly appreciated.

Respectfully requested.
Darryl P. King
Napanoch. N.Y.

Dear Editor:

On May 30, 1970, Darryl King, a Black ex G.L. was arrested while sitting in front of his home by a squad of heavily armed police. His family was told that he had been arrested for a narcotics charge.

At the precinct in Brooklyn, N.Y., (the 71st). Darryl was placed in three suggestive lineups. After seven hours of questions, beatings and racist insults, Darryl King was told that he was changed with killing a policeman, Miguel Sirhent, during a robbery.

Darryl King was tried and convicted by the press. The prosecution, the two "positive" witnesses and the jury only rubber stamped the Daily News' "verdict," Darryl was sentenced to 25 years to life…

One witness has recanted his testimony and admitted that he lied at the trial. The witness has also exposed the phony police identification. The "second" positive witness had failed to identify Darryl in three lineups and could only do so after being shown his picture and coached. Investigation by the King family's attorney has revealed that this "coached" witness has close family ties with NYPD.

Darryl is trying to get a new trial in light of this new evidence, so that he can prove his innocence. He and his family need support to get a new trial and expose the dirty tricks and lies of prosecution.

To help contact:

The Darryl King Defense Committee
c/o Bedlock, Levine & Hoffman
565 Fifth Avenue
New York, N.Y.

SUE NACOGDOCHES OFFICIALS

Dear Editor:

I've been reading with horror and disgust your articles on Nacogdoches, Texas and the crushing oppression that Blacks face there.

I would suggest that your organization attempt to mobilize all interested groups and resources to initiate a double pronged civil class action against the policemen, police department and city administration as well as the White civilians involved.

The first suit would be a federal civil rights violation class action suit on on behalf of the three latest Black victims, Paul Stanley. Ella Davis and Roosevelt Carpenter against the police and the White civilians involved.

The second suit would be a civil negligence suit charging the police with malfeasance in not prosecuting the Whites in each case for wrongdoing.

All you need is a couple of attorneys to devote time and energy, and it doesn't take that much money to file a suit. You can work with the local NAACP on this. THIS MUST BE DONE! This is 1975, not 1910.

D. Dugan
Newark. N.J.

MARION PENITENTIARY BROTHERS ASK FOR HELP

Dear Editor:

The Marion Federal Penitentiary brothers have recently concluded a civil suit hearing against the Behavior Modification unit there.

We are presently awaiting the court decision. A decision for the prisoners can halt the Behavior Modification unit there and release several prisoners from its confines.

You can help effect a decision for the prisoners by writing Judge James Foreman. U.S. District Court, East St. Louis, Illinois, and demanding a decision in favor of the Marion prisoners and the halting of the long-term control unit in the Marion Penitentiary.

Please don't delay. Write now With your help we halted the START Behavior Modification Unit. Now we have a chance to halt this program. Each letter helps so please right and get your friends to write too.

Your brother in common struggle.
Eddie Sanchez
Marion, Ill.

P.S. There is no greater power than the people united!

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